Chrysallida

Chrysallida is a speciose genus of minute sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Pyramidellidae within the tribe Chrysallidini.[2][3][4]

Chrysallida
Chrysallida navisa shell
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Subcohort: Panpulmonata
Superfamily: Pyramidelloidea
Family: Pyramidellidae
Genus: Chrysallida
Carpenter, 1856[1]
Type species
Chrysallida communis
C.B. Adams, 1852
Synonyms
  • Burkillia Iredale, 1915 (unnecessary replacement name for Tragula Monterosato, 1884)
  • Chrysallida (Pyrgulina) A. Adams, 1864
  • Elodia de Folin, 1870
  • Elodiamea de Folin, 1886
  • Ividella Dall & Bartsch, 1909
  • Odostomia (Chrysallida) Carpenter, 1856
  • Partulida Schaufuss, 1869

Taxonomy

The genus Folinella had two preoccupied names - Amoura De Folin, 1873 not J.E. Gray 1847, and Funicularia Monterosato, 1884 not Forbes, 1845.

The genus Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856 has been used as a catchall, particularly in the European literature following a lead by Winckworth (1932), for most pyramidellids having both axial and spiral sculpture but having otherwise little in common with the Californian type species C. communis (C. B. Adams, 1852). A statement that this is incorrect was voiced by van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud (2000: 21) who nevertheless still used Chrysallida as the genus to include many Eastern Atlantic species, distributed into several subgenera. Micali, Nofroni & Perna (2012) restored usage of Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 for several species formerly placed in Chrysallida. This move was continued by Høisæter (2014), Peñas, Rolán & Swinnen (2014) and Giannuzzi-Savelli et al. (2014) who are here followed, but there are still many species remaining unduly under Chrysallida. For these, we have refrained from making new combinations not backed by (or implicit from) a published source. Nevertheless, all the species that were already "accepted" under a subgenus, now raised to full genus, have been marked as "accepted" under that full genus.[5]

Distribution

Species within the genus Chrysallida are commonly distributed in all oceans from the tropics to the polar regions, the Arctic and the Antarctic. It is mainly known from coastal areas, and is uncommon in deep elevations such as trenches in the sea.

The members of Chrysallida are ectoparasites on serpulid polychaetes.

Species

There are multiple species within the genus Chrysallida, these include the following in alphabetical order:[5]

Synonyms

The following species were brought into synonymy[5]

List of synonyms
  • Chrysallida alleryi (Kobelt, 1903): synonym of Parthenina monterosatii (Clessin, 1900)
  • Chrysallida angulosa (Monterosato, 1889): synonym of Parthenina angulosa (Monterosato, 1889)
  • Chrysallida anselmoi Peñas & Rolán, 1998: synonym of Parthenina anselmoi (Peñas & Rolán, 1998)
  • Chrysallida antimaiae Schander, 1994: synonym of Parthenina obesa (Dautzenberg, 1912)
  • Chrysallida approximans (Dautzenberg, 1912): synonym of Kongsrudia approximans (Dautzenberg, 1912)
  • Chrysallida brattstroemi Warén, 1991: synonym of Parthenina brattstroemi (Warén, 1991)
  • Chrysallida brevicula (Jeffreys, 1883): synonym of Turbonilla amoena (Monterosato, 1878)
  • Chrysallida brusinai (Cossmann, 1921): synonym of Spiralinella incerta (Milaschewitsch, 1916)
  • Chrysallida buijsei De Jong & Coomans, 1988: synonym of Fargoa bushiana (Bartsch, 1909)
  • Chrysallida casta A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Pyrgulina casta (A. Adams, 1861)
  • Chrysallida clathrata (Jeffreys, 1848): synonym of Parthenina clathrata (Jeffreys, 1848)
  • Chrysallida columna: synonym of Pyrgulina columna (Laseron, 1959)
  • Chrysallida colungiana F. Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of Parthenina dollfusi (Kobelt, 1903)
  • Chrysallida consobrina A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Pyrgulina consobrina (A. Adams, 1861)
  • Chrysallida convexa (Carpenter, 1857): synonym of Besla convexa (Carpenter, 1857)
  • Chrysallida dantarti Peñas & Rolán, 2008: synonym of Parthenina dantarti (Peñas & Rolán, 2008)
  • Chrysallida decussata (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Parthenina decussata (Montagu, 1803)
  • Chrysallida dekkeri van Aartsen, Gittenberger E. & Goud, 2000: synonym of Parthenina dekkeri (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida dimidiata Schander, 1994: synonym of Pyrgulina dimidiata (Schander, 1994)
  • Chrysallida doliolum (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Odostomella doliolum (Philippi, 1844)
  • Chrysallida dollfusi (Kobelt, 1903): synonym of Parthenina dollfusi (Kobelt, 1903)
  • Chrysallida elegans (de Folin, 1870): synonym of Liamorpha elegans (de Folin, 1870)
  • Chrysallida emaciata (Brusina, 1866): synonym of Parthenina emaciata (Brusina, 1866)
  • Chrysallida ersei Schander, 1994: synonym of Kongsrudia ersei (Schander, 1994)
  • Chrysallida excavata (Philippi, 1836): synonym of Folinella excavata (Phillippi, 1836)
  • Chrysallida eximia (Jeffreys, 1849): synonym of Parthenina eximia (Jeffreys, 1849)
  • Chrysallida faberi van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000: synonym of Parthenina faberi (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida falcifera (Watson, 1881): synonym of Tragula falcifera (Watson, 1881)
  • Chrysallida farolita F. Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of Parthenina interstincta (Adams J., 1797)
  • Chrysallida feldi van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000: synonym of Parthenina feldi (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida fenestrata (Jeffreys, 1848): synonym of Tragula fenestrata (Jeffreys, 1848)
  • Chrysallida fischeri (Hornung & Mermod, 1925): synonym of Pyrgulina fischeri Hornung & Mermod, 1925
  • Chrysallida flexuosa (Monterosato, 1874): synonym of Parthenina flexuosa (Monterosato, 1874)
  • Chrysallida gabmulderi van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000: synonym of Parthenina gabmulderi (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida ghisottii (van Aartsen, 1984): synonym of Folinella ghisottii van Aartsen, 1984
  • Chrysallida gruveli (Dautzenberg, 1910): synonym of Kongsrudia gruveli (Dautzenberg, 1910)
  • Chrysallida humilis (Preston, 1905): synonym of Quirella humilis (Preston, 1905)
  • Chrysallida incerta (Milaschewitsch, 1916): synonym of Spiralinella incerta (Milaschewich, 1916)
  • Chrysallida inconspicua A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Chrysallida innocua Corgan, 1970
  • Chrysallida indistincta (Montagu, 1808): synonym of Parthenina indistincta (Montagu, 1808)
  • Chrysallida intermixta (Monterosato, 1884): synonym of Parthenina monozona (Brusina, 1869)
  • Chrysallida interspatiosa van der Linden & Eikenboom, 1992: synonym of Parthenina flexuosa (Monterosato, 1874)
  • Chrysallida interstincta (Adams J., 1797): synonym of Parthenina interstincta (J. Adams, 1797)
  • Chrysallida jadisi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958): synonym of Boonea jadisi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958)
  • Chrysallida jeffreysiana (Monterosato, 1884): synonym of Trabecula jeffreysiana Monterosato, 1884
  • Chrysallida jordii Peñas & Rolán, 1998: synonym of Folinella moolenbeeki van Aartsen, Gittenberger E. & Goud, 1998
  • Chrysallida josae van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000: synonym of Parthenina josae (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida juliae (de Folin, 1872): synonym of Parthenina juliae (de Folin, 1872)
  • Chrysallida jullieni (Dautzenberg, 1912): synonym of Pyrgulina jullieni Dautzenberg, 1912
  • Chrysallida kempermani van Aartsen, Gittenberger E. & Goud, 2000: synonym of Pyrgulina kempermani (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida kronenbergi van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000: synonym of Trabecula kronenbergi (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida lacourti F. Nordsieck, 1972: synonym of Spiralinella spiralis (Dillwyn, 1817)
  • Chrysallida limitum (Brusina in de Folin & Périer, 1876): synonym of Parthenina limitum (Brusina in de Folin & Périer, 1876)
  • Chrysallida maiae (Hornung & Mermod, 1924): synonym of Pyrgulina maiae Hornung & Mermod, 1924
  • Chrysallida manonegra Peñas & Rolán, 1998: synonym of Chrysallida minutissima (Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906)
  • Chrysallida mariella (A. Adams, 1860): synonym of Egilina mariella (A. Adams, 1860)
  • Chrysallida mariellaeformis: synonym of Babella mariellaeformis (Nomura, 1938)
  • Chrysallida marthinae Nofroni & Schander, 1994: synonym of Spiralinella marthinae (Nofroni & Schander, 1994)
  • Chrysallida mauritanica Peñas & Rolán, 1998: synonym of Parthenina mauritanica (Peñas & Rolán, 1998)
  • Chrysallida micronana Ozturk & van Aartsen, 2006: synonym of Pyrgulina nana Hornung & Mermod, 1924
  • Chrysallida monozona (Brusina, 1869): synonym of Parthenina monozona (Brusina, 1869)
  • Chrysallida monterosatii (Clessin, 1900): synonym of Parthenina monterosatii (Clessin, 1900)
  • Chrysallida moolenbeeki Amati, 1987: synonym of Parthenina moolenbeeki (Amati, 1987)
  • Chrysallida muinaiensis (Saurin, 1962): synonym of Spiralinella muinaiensis Saurin, 1962
  • Chrysallida multicostata (Jeffreys, 1884): synonym of Parthenina multicostata (Jeffreys, 1884)
  • Chrysallida mumia A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Turbonilla mumia (A. Adams, 1861)
  • Chrysallida mutata (Dautzenberg, 1912): synonym of Kongsrudia mutata (Dautzenberg, 1912)
  • Chrysallida nanodea (Monterosato, 1878): synonym of Parthenina juliae (de Folin, 1872)
  • Chrysallida nivosa (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Jordaniella nivosa (Montagu, 1803)
  • Chrysallida obesa (Dautzenberg, 1912): synonym of Pyrgulina obesa Dautzenberg, 1912
  • Chrysallida obtusa (Brown, 1827): synonym of Chrysallida interstincta (Adams J., 1797), synonym of Parthenina interstincta (J. Adams, 1797)
  • Chrysallida oodes (Watson, 1886): synonym of Pyrgulina oodes (Watson, 1886)
  • Chrysallida opaca Hedley, 1906: synonym of Odostomella opaca (Hedley, 1906)
  • Chrysallida palazzii Micali, 1984: synonym of Parthenina palazzii (Micali, 1984)
  • Chrysallida parasigmoidea Schander, 1994: synonym of Parthenina parasigmoidea (Schander, 1994)
  • Chrysallida pellucida (Dillwyn, 1817): synonym of Spiralinella spiralis (Montagu, 1803)
  • Chrysallida penchynati: synonym of Parthenina penchynati (Bucquoy, 1883)
  • Chrysallida perscalata (Hedley, 1909): synonym of Linopyrga perscalata (Hedley, 1909)
  • Chrysallida pinguis Peñas & Rolán, 1998: synonym of Pyrgulina pinguis (Peñas & Rolán, 1998)
  • Chrysallida pirinthella (Melvill, 1910): synonym of Pyrgulina pirinthella Melvill, 1910
  • Chrysallida plicata A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Pyrgulina plicata (A. Adams, 1860)
  • Chrysallida pontica Grossu, 1986: synonym of Parthenina pontica (Grossu, 1986)
  • Chrysallida pseudalveata Nomura, 1936: synonym of Pyrgulina pseudalveata (Nomura, 1936)
  • Chrysallida pulchella A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Pyrgulina pulchella (A. Adams, 1860)
  • Chrysallida pulchra Gaglini, 1992: synonym of Miralda elegans (de Folin, 1870): synonym of Liamorpha elegans (de Folin, 1870)
  • Chrysallida punctigera (A. Adams, 1860): synonym of Linopyrga punctigera (A. Adams, 1860)
  • Chrysallida pupula (A. Adams, 1861): synonym of Pyrgulina pupula (A. Adams, 1861)
  • Chrysallida pyttelilla Schander, 1994: synonym of Parthenina pyttelilla (Schander, 1994)
  • Chrysallida rinaldii Micali & Nofroni, 2004: synonym of Parthenina rinaldii (Micali & Nofroni, 2004)
  • Chrysallida rufolineata A. Adams, 1863: synonym of Odostomella rufolineata (A. Adams, 1863)
  • Chrysallida sarsi: synonym of Parthenina sarsi (Nordsieck, 1972)
  • Chrysallida sergei Nofroni & Schander, 1994: synonym of Parthenina sergei (Nofroni & Schander, 1994)
  • Chrysallida sigma: synonym of Kunopia sigma (Hedley, 1907)
  • Chrysallida sigmoidea (Monterosato, 1880): synonym of Strioturbonilla sigmoidea (Monterosato, 1880)
  • Chrysallida spiralis (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Spiralinella spiralis (Dillwyn, 1817)
  • Chrysallida suturalis (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Parthenina suturalis (Philippi, 1844)
  • Chrysallida tantilla (A. Adams, 1863): synonym of Linopyrga tantilla (A. Adams, 1863)
  • Chrysallida terebellum (Philippi, 1844): synonym of Parthenina terebellum (Philippi, 1844)
  • Chrysallida terryi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958): synonym of Ivara terryi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958)
  • Chrysallida toroensis (Olsson & McGinty, 1958): synonym of Mumiola gradatula (Mörch, 1876)
  • Chrysallida tricincta (Jeffreys, 1856): synonym of Odostomella doliolum (Philippi, 1844)
  • Chrysallida truncatula (Jeffreys, 1850): synonym of Jordaniella truncatula (Jeffreys, 1850)
  • Chrysallida ultralaeta Nomura, 1936: synonym of Parthenina ultralaeta (Nomura, 1936)
  • Chrysallida undata (Watson, 1897): synonym of Trabecula jeffreysiana Monterosato, 1884
  • Chrysallida vanderlindeni van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000: synonym of Pyrgulina vanderlindeni (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)
  • Chrysallida willeminae van Aartsen, Gittenberger E. & Goud, 2000: synonym of Parthenina willeminae (van Aartsen, Gittenberger & Goud, 2000)

Ecology

Little is known about the ecology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are most likely ectoparasites.

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References
  1. Carpenter (1856) Proc. zool. Soc. London 24: 170.
  2. Bouchet, Philippe; Rocroi, Jean-Pierre; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard; Ponder, Winston; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families". Malacologia. Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks. 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. ISSN 0076-2997.
  3. Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180-213
  4. Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp
  5. Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 20 December 2018.

Further reading
  • Carpenter, P. P. (1856). "Description of new species and varieties of Calyptraeidae, Trochidae, and Pyramidellidae, principally in the collection of Hugh Cumming, Esq". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 24: 166–171.
  • Dall, W. H.; Bartsch, P (1904). "Synopsis of genera, subgenera, and sections of the family Pyramidellidae". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 17: 1–16.
  • De Folin, L.; Périer, L. (1867–1887). "Etudes internationale sur les perticularities nouvelles des regions sous-marines". Les Fonds de la Mer. 1–4.
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