Chromosome territories

In cell biology, chromosome territories are regions of the nucleus preferentially occupied by particular chromosomes.

The 23 human chromosome territories during prometaphase in fibroblast cells

Interphase chromosomes are long DNA strands that are extensively folded, and are often described as appearing like a bowl of spaghetti. The chromosome territory concept holds that despite this apparent disorder, chromosomes largely occupy defined regions of the nucleus.[1] Most eukaryotes are thought to have chromosome territories, although the budding yeast S. cerevisiae is an exception to this.[2]

Characteristics

Chromosome territories are spheroid with diameters on the order of one to few micrometers.[3]

Nuclear compartments devoid of DNA called interchromatin compartments have been reported to tunnel into chromosome territories to facilitate molecular diffusion into the otherwise tightly packed chromosome-occupied regions.[4][5]

History and experimental support

The concept of chromosome territories was proposed by Carl Rabl in 1885 based on studies of Salamandra maculata.[6]

Chromosome territories have gained recognition using fluorescence labeling techniques (fluorescence in situ hybridization).[7]

Studies of genomic proximity using techniques like chromosome conformation capture have supported the chromosome territory concept by showing that DNA-DNA contacts predominantly happen within particular chromosomes.

gollark: No, it would do the same thing.
gollark: When you loop over the tuple, `i` is *also* a new thing which can't affect the variables in the tuple.
gollark: (not that you can mutate tuples anyway)
gollark: So when you have `(a, b, c, d)` that (conceptually) creates a new copy of `b`, changes to which won't affect the original variable `b`.
gollark: Basically, `b` is just an integer so it's copied each time it's used somewhere.

References
  1. Meaburn, Misteli T (January 25, 2007). "Chromosome territories". Nature. 445 (7126): 379–781. doi:10.1038/445379a. PMID 17251970.
  2. Cremer T, Cremer M (March 2010). "Chromosome Territories". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2 (3): a003889. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003889. PMC 2829961. PMID 20300217.
  3. Meaburn, Misteli T (January 25, 2007). "Chromosome territories". Nature. 445 (7126): 379–781. doi:10.1038/445379a. PMID 17251970.
  4. Albiez, H; Cremer, M; Tiberi, C; Vecchio, L; Schermelleh, L; Dittrich, S; Küpper, K; Joffe, B; Thormeyer, T; von Hase, J; Yang, S; Rohr, K; Leonhardt, H; Solovei, I; Cremer, C; Fakan, S; Cremer, T (2006). "Chromatin domains and the interchromatin compartment form structurally defined and functionally interacting nuclear networks". Chromosome Research. 14 (7): 707–33. doi:10.1007/s10577-006-1086-x. PMID 17115328.
  5. Rouquette, J; Genoud, C; Vazquez-Nin, G. H.; Kraus, B; Cremer, T; Fakan, S (2009). "Revealing the high-resolution three-dimensional network of chromatin and interchromatin space: A novel electron-microscopic approach to reconstructing nuclear architecture". Chromosome Research. 17 (6): 801–10. doi:10.1007/s10577-009-9070-x. PMID 19731052.
  6. Cremer T, Cremer M (1 March 2010). "Chromosome Territories". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2 (3): a003889. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a003889. PMC 2829961. PMID 20300217.
  7. "Chromosome Territories: The Arrangement of Chromosomes in the Nucleus". Nature Education. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
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