Chowbent Chapel

Chowbent Chapel is an active Unitarian place of worship in Atherton, Greater Manchester, England. It was built in 1721 and is the oldest place of worship in the town. It is a member of the General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches, the umbrella organisation for British Unitarians.[1] The chapel was granted Grade II* Listed status in 1966.[2]

Chowbent Chapel is a plain building made of rustic brick with stone details, round arched windows and a small cupola on the gable end.

History

The origins of Chowbent Chapel are a consequence of events that happened in 1715. The first chapel in Atherton, a chapel of ease to Leigh Parish Church was a "small brick edifice", dedicated to St. John the Baptist at Chowbent. It was built in 1645 "on land owned and loaned by “Ye Lord of Atherton", John Atherton, a supporter of religious dissent. Sometimes referred to as the Old Bent Chapel, it was not consecrated and used by a Presbyterian congregation. The chapel was also used by the vicar of Leigh who used a Bible and Book of Common Prayer which were kept there for his use.[3][4]

It was a long, low building having three windows and a porch on the south side and a large window in the east gable ... The pulpit was of the old-fashioned Puritan three-tier style.[5]

During the 1715 Jacobite rising, its fourth minister, James Wood and members of his congregation were asked to guard the bridge at Walton-le-Dale and the ford at Penwortham near Preston against the supporters of the Old Pretender who were marching on Preston. The Chowbenters were successful but in doing so offended Richard Atherton who would inherit the Atherton manor and on whose land the chapel was built.[6] In 1721 Richard Atherton, a staunch supporter of James II, expelled the congregation on political grounds.[3]

Architecture
Chowbent Chapel interior, showing pulpit and gallery

The chapel dates from 1721 on land donated by Nathan Mort of neighbouring Alder House[7] It is built in rustic brick, in Flemish bond on a rubble sandstone plinth, with stone quoins, an eaves cornice and a slate roof. The side elevations have three bays and the rear four bays, both have round-arched windows. On the roof is a small cupola housing a single bell. A two-storey extension was added on the south side in 1901. Its facade has a gable pediment with an oculus within the tympanum. There is a fanlight above the double doors with a sundial above and a commemorative plaque above that.[2]

Nikolaus Pevsner considers the chapel "has the best-preserved C18 ecclesiastical interior in South Lancashire".[8] The original box pews are in place upstairs and down, there is a three tier pulpit on the north wall. The galleries on the east, south and west sides are accessed by staircases with turned balusters. The galleries are supported by six turned Doric oak columns which continue through the gallery to support the plaster ceiling.[8] A nail studded oak door separating the chapel from the vestry is thought to be from the original 1645 chapel.[2][9] Other surviving artefacts brought from the 1645 building are the communion table and two Commonwealth silver communion cups gifted by Robert Mort in 1654.[9] The cups are not kept at the chapel and are rarely displayed. Some of the stained glass windows are by Shrigley and Hunt.[8]

When newly built, the chapel's oak rafters and trusses were open to view, its walls were whitewashed and the windows contained leaded panes of clear glass set in a lozenge pattern. An organ was installed in 1806 as up to then the only music was the chanting of psalms. An organ by Young of Manchester was installed in 1901 when the chapel was enlarged.[10]

Community
Wall plaque for the Unitarian Sunday School, 1860

A schoolroom was opened in the minister's house shortly after the chapel opened. It was extended in 1860 and again in 1890. Before 1900 a library provided by the chapel was opened in Chowbent School for the inhabitants of the town. Its collection of 4000 volumes was donated to Atherton's Carnegie library when it opened in 1905. [11]

Ministers

Apart from Wood, other notable ministers of the chapel included Harry Toulmin (1766 – 1823) who moved to America and became Secretary of State of Kentucky[12] and Thomas Walker Horsfield (1792–1837) a historian and topographer.[13]

gollark: But then you need even MORE slaves to harvest and manage the plants.
gollark: Even if you can live entirely on those, it would be unhealthy and thus worsen the slaves, and producing that at the necessary scales would still be polluting.
gollark: But climate change is caused by greenhouse gases, which slaves produce, as does their food production.
gollark: Unfortunately, nuclear physics was poorly understood at that time, and they didn't have the necessary technologies to make much use of it in any case.
gollark: They can do some object manipulation tasks which computer things can't, which is useful in slavery I guess, but most of the useful features of humans versus robots or computer systems are in high-level and abstract thinking, which slavery underutilizes.

See also

References

Notes

  1. Find a Congregation: Atherton, The General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches (Great Britain), archived from the original on 20 July 2011, retrieved 23 January 2011
  2. Historic England, "Chowbent Unitarian Chapel (1068472)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 4 December 2012
  3. William Farrer; J Brownbill, eds. (1907), "Atherton", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 3, British History Online, pp. 435–439, retrieved 28 August 2009
  4. Lunn 1971, p. 43
  5. Wright 1921, p. 17
  6. Wright 1921, p. 28
  7. Wright 1921, pp. 41-42
  8. Pevsner, Pollard & Sharples 2006, p. 137
  9. Wright 1921, p. 43
  10. The Present Day at Chowbent Unitarian Chapel, Chowbent Chapel, retrieved 4 December 2012
  11. Wright 1921, p. 93
  12. Wright 1921, p. 57
  13. Farrant, John H., "Horsfield, Thomas Walker (1792–1837)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13815, retrieved 5 December 2012 (subscription required)

Bibliography

  • Lunn, John (1971), Atherton Lancashire, A manorial social and industrial history, Atherton UDC
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus; Pollard, Richard; Sharples, Joseph (2006), Buildings of England: Liverpool and the southwest, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-10910-8
  • Wright, J.J. (1921), The Story of Chowbent Chapel, Chowbent Chapel

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