Chlorpropham

Chlorpropham (commercial names: Bud Nip, Taterpex, Preventol, Elbanil, Metoxon, Nexoval, Stickman Pistols, Preweed, Furloe, Stopgerme-S, Sprout Nip, Mirvale, Bygran, ChlorIPC, CHLOROPROPHAM, Spud-Nic, Spud-Nie, Chloro-IFK, Chloro-IPC, Keim-stop, Triherbicide CIPC, OORJA) is a plant growth regulator and herbicide used as a sprout suppressant for grass weeds, alfalfa, lima and snap beans, blueberries, cane fruit, carrots, cranberries, ladino clover, garlic, seed grass, onions, spinach, sugar beets, tomatoes, safflower, soybeans, gladioli and woody nursery stock. It is also used to inhibit potato sprouting and for sucker control in tobacco. Chlorpropham is available in emulsifiable concentrate and liquid formulations.

Chlorpropham
Names
IUPAC name
Isopropyl (3-chlorophenyl)carbamate
Other names
Chlorpropham
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.002.660
EC Number
  • 202-567-1
KEGG
UNII
Properties
C10H12ClNO2
Molar mass 213.66 g·mol−1
Appearance Beige to brown solid
Density 1.18 g/cm3
Melting point 41 to 42 °C (106 to 108 °F; 314 to 315 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Chlorpropham is within the maximum residue limit regulation in Germany germination inhibitors approved for the treatment of potatoes for the purpose of preservation after harvest. Chlorpropham products are approved as a germination inhibitor for potatoes in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Chlorpropham is approved for use as a plant regulator and herbicide only on potatoes in the United States.[1]


Uses

When it is used as an Anti Sprouting Agent for potatoes, the formulation is based on HN formulation, Hot Fogging[2].

For herbicide, an EC formulation is used so that it is dissolvable in water for spray in the field [3].

Toxicity

Chlorpropham displays a low level toxicity profile, with no signs of acute toxicity after exposure of less than 1000 mg/kg/day. Long term exposure at high doses (≥ 1000 mg/kg/day) could cause reduction of body weight gain, decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin, and increase in blood reticulocytes.

Regarding the carcinogenic risk, chlorpropham is classified by the EPA as group E (non-carcinogenic).[4] One of its metabolites is 3-chloroaniline.

The acceptable daily intake ranges from 0.03 mg/kg (FAO 2001[5]) to 0.05 mg/Kg (EPA 1996[4] and EC 2003[6]).

Stability

Chlorpropham is partially degraded in the environment under aerobic conditions (15% to 30% after 100 days) and partially hydrolysed in water solution (90% after 59 to 130 days).[6]

A study of the stability of chlorpropham in potatoes (estimated concentration of chlorpropham: 1.8 to 7.6 mg/kg at 10 days post-application) revealed that mean concentration of chlorpropham in the tuber decreased spontaneously by 24% and 42% at 28 days and 65 days postapplication respectively.[7] The study also showed that peeling removed 91-98% and washing 33-47%. Residues of chlorpropham were detected in the boiled potatoes, in the boiling water, in the French-fried potatoes and in the frying oil. According to this study, the theoretical dose for a 20 kg infant eating 100g of crude-peeled tuber would be 0.00018 to 0.00342 mg/kg.

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References
  1. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=211601858f4f236cff4d417b617de968&mc=true&node=se40.24.180_1181&rgn=div8
  2. "Codes for Formulations" (PDF).
  3. "Cleancrop Amigo 2". uk.uplonline.com. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
  4. "Registration Eligibility Decision (Chlorpropham)". Registration Eligibility Decision (Chlorpropham) (PDF). Environmental Pretection Agency. 1996.
  5. "Clorpropham: Toxicological evaluation". Pesticide Residues in Food, 2000. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001. pp. 41–4. ISBN 978-92-5-104547-3.
  6. HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL. chlorpropham (PDF). European commission.
  7. Lentza-Rizos, Chaido; Balokas, Alfaios (2001). "Residue Levels of Chlorpropham in Individual Tubers and Composite Samples of Postharvest-Treated Potatoes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (2): 710–4. doi:10.1021/jf000018t. PMID 11262017.
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