Chilocco Indian Agricultural School

Chilocco Indian School was an agricultural school for Native Americans on reserved land in north-central Oklahoma from 1884 to 1980. It was approximately 20 miles north of Ponca City, Oklahoma and seven miles north of Newkirk, Oklahoma, near the Kansas border. The name "Chilocco" is apparently derived from a Muscogee word meaning "big deer" or horse.[2] In 1912 the Oklahoma Supreme Court heard a case over an election dispute involving whisky and whether the Chilocco reservation was part of Kay County and Oklahoma or "Indian Territory".[3] The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school land was not an Indian Reservation, that the school was an off-reservation entity, and that the word reservation had various meanings and the area was not reserved as Indian territory.[4]

Chilocco Indian Agricultural School
One of the abandoned buildings at Chilocco Indian Agricultural School, a school for Native Americans that operated from 1884 to 1980 located approximately 20 miles north of Ponca City, Oklahoma.
LocationUS 77 and E0018 Rd., Newkirk, Oklahoma
Coordinates36°59′6″N 97°3′45″W
Area288 acres (117 ha)
ArchitectBidwell, Edmund; Pauley, Hoyland & Smith
Architectural styleRomanesque, Colonial Revival, et al.
NRHP reference No.06000792[1]
Added to NRHPSeptember 08, 2006

Background

The U.S. Congress in 1882 authorized the creation of five non-reservation boarding schools. Chilocco was one of the five which also included Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania, Haskell Indian Nations University in Kansas, Chemawa Indian School in Oregon, and Fort Simcoe in Washington. Major James M. Haworth, first Superintendent of Indian Schools, selected a site for the school along Chilocco Creek and the school was established according to an executive order signed by president James Garfield.[5] Chilocco was located in the Cherokee Outlet or Cherokee Strip and the Cherokee provided 8,640 acres (35 km2) of land to help Chilocco fulfill its mandate for agricultural education.

Objective and curriculum

Chilocco provided academic and vocational education to American Indian students from all tribes in the United States. The objective of the school was to integrate and assimilate American Indians into the mainstream of American life. Until the 1930s, the school relied on a highly structured and strict military regime.

Students "remember twenty-two bugle calls a day, Government-issue uniforms, scanty meals, inadequate health care, and a paucity of individual attention." The school was "home and haven to some, reformatory and prison to others." Instruction focused mostly on vocational training rather than academic subjects and students were required to perform manual and domestic labor known as "actual work."[6] Students were required to attend Christian religious services once a week.[7]

Students working in the garden at Chilocco Indian School

A 1928 report critical of the Indian boarding schools led to reforms in the 1930s. "Boys and girls could sit together in the dining rooms, more attention was invested in academic work, and drudgery work devoted to school upkeep was cut back."[6] The curriculum at the school focused on agricultural trades, including horseshoeing and blacksmithing, but also included building trades, printing, shoe repair, tailoring, leather work, and in later years plumbing, electrical work, welding, auto mechanics, food services and office education.

History

The school opened in 1884 with 150 students from the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Wichita, Comanche, and Pawnee tribes.[6] In 1894 the first graduating class consisted of 15 students. As the school expanded, additional structures were added in 1893, 1899, 1903, 1909, 1923, 1931 and 1932. In the 1960s, several of the older buildings were demolished to make room for a new dormitory and machine shop. The school's facilities at one time included more than 100 buildings, including a dining hall and hospital. Buildings were constructed from distinctive locally quarried yellow limestone. Students worked on the "rockpile" breaking large boulders into construction material.[8]

The 1909 Chilocco basketball team. Chilocco athletic teams often defeated University teams. The swastika was a common symbol used by American Indians until World War II.
Chief Joseph gave his hunting rifle to Chilocco in 1885. It was returned to the Nez Percé when the school was closed in 1980.

Enrollment declined during the 1920s and the elementary school was closed, but with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 enrollment increased because of growing poverty among Indians. As one graduate said, "It wasn't a matter of enjoying [Chilocco], it meant we were educated, clothed, fed, and had a roof over our head."[9] In 1949 a special program for Navajo youth began. Enrollment at Chilocco peaked at about 1,300 in the 1950s.[10] Thereafter, enrollment declined as many Indians had access to public schools and a boarding school was no longer essential to their education. In the 1970s, activists from American Indian organizations criticized abuses and, in 1972, the National Indian Youth Council staged a sit-in at the school. By the late 1970s only about 100 students still lived at the school.[8]

After closure

The Chilocco School closed in June 1980 when the U.S. Congress ceased funding. In the school's 1980 yearbook, Superintendent C. C. Tillman wrote, "Chilocco is another in a long list of broken promises." During its history nearly 18,000 students from 126 Indian tribes attended Chilocco.[11] Chilocco granted high school diplomas to 5,542 students. Graduates included 688 Cherokee, 573 Choctaw, 545 Navajo, and 452 Creek divided between 2,741 females and 2,801 males.[12]

After closure, the school's land was granted to five local tribes as the Chilocco Development Authority; the Kaw Nation (.10 mineral interest), the Otoe-Missouria Tribe (.10 mineral interest), the Pawnee Nation (.10 mineral interest), the Ponca Nation (.10 mineral interest), and the Tonkawa Tribe (.10 mineral interest). The Cherokee Nation holds a .50 mineral interest. Between 1989 and 2001, the property was leased to Narconon, which operated a substance abuse rehabilitation center at the site. In 2011, Chilocco was closed to the public and used as a training and practice facility for federal law enforcement personnel.[8]

In October 2016, the Cherokees announced that they were leasing to PNE Wind more than 4,000 acres of Chilocco land for a wind energy project.[13]

In November 2017, The Department of Homeland Security released a statement warning the residents they are preparing in the event of a biological attack. According to a 58-page document, chemicals will be released at Chilocco Indian School in Newkirk. [14]

In January/February and again in June/July 2018, particles will be released onto buildings of the Chilocco campus. It is to determine how well biological agents will penetrate into single and multi-family homes. The department claims these chemicals are nontoxic and nonhazardous; however, personnel will wear suits, masks, gloves and respirators when in the zone.[15]

Notable alumni
gollark: > Ion thrusters in operational use have an input power need of 1–7 kW (1.3–9.4 hp), exhaust velocity 20–50 km/s (45,000–112,000 mph), thrust 25–250 millinewtons (0.090–0.899 ozf) and efficiency 65–80%[3][4] though experimental versions have achieved 100 kilowatts (130 hp), 5 newtons (1.1 lbf).[5]
gollark: I don't think so.
gollark: You can accelerate the ions or whatever to very high velocities, so they're efficient mass-use-wise but have low thrust.
gollark: There are proposals to use lasers in spacecraft propulsion in various ways.
gollark: Is that *safe*?

See also

 Oklahoma portal  Schools portal

References
  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  2. Bright, William. Native American Placenames of the United States Norman: U of OK Press, 2004, p. 104
  3. "The American and English Annotated Cases". 1913.
  4. "American Indian Law Review". 1979.
  5. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10452421
  6. Lomawaima, K. Tsianina. "Chilocco Indian Agricultural School," Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, Oklahoma Historical Society, accessed August 11, 2016.
  7. "Chilocco Indian School REVISITED." http://www.abandonedok.com/chilocco-indian-scool-revisited/%5B%5D, accessed 20 Dec 2011
  8. "Chilocco Indian School REVISITED" http://www.abandonedok.com/chilocco-indian-school-revisited/, accessed 20 Sept 2011
  9. Brumley, Kim. Chilocco: Memories of a Native American Boarding School. Fairfax, OK: Guardian Publishing, 2010, p 53
  10. http://www.preservationok.org/2011_Chilocco_Indian_School.html Archived 2012-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 20 Dec 2011
  11. Brumley, Kim. Chilocco: Memories of a Native American Boarding School. Fairfax, OK: Guardian Publishing Co., 2010, p. 37
  12. http://www.chilocco.org/History/Timeline.aspx, accessed 20 Dec 2011
  13. "Tribal Council approves lease for wind farm at former Chilocco Indian School,"http://www.cherokee.org/News/Stories/20161019-Tribal-Council-approves-lease-for-wind-farm-at-former-Chilocco-Indian-School, accessed 10 Aug 2016
  14. "The Department of Homeland Security Environmental Assessment of Proposed Tracer Particle and Biological Releases for the Hazards of Dynamic Outdoor Release (HODOR) Project,"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/DHS%20HODOR%20Enviromental%20Assessment%2010%2025%202017-508.pdf
  15. http://www.newson6.com/story/36817786/chemicals-to-be-released-near-newkirk
  16. http://www.chilocco.org/History/Timeline.aspx
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