Chenopodioideae

The Chenopodioideae are a subfamily of the flowering plant family Amaranthaceae in the APG III system, which is largely based on molecular phylogeny, but were included - together with other subfamilies - in family Chenopodiaceae in the Cronquist system. Food species comprise Spinach (Spinacia oleracea), Good King Henry (Blitum bonus-henricus), several Chenopodium species (Quinoa, Kañiwa, Fat Hen), Orache (Atriplex spp.), and Epazote (Dysphania ambrosioides).

Chenopodioideae
Chenopodium berlandieri
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Subfamily: Chenopodioideae
Burnett
Genera

About 26 genera, see text

Description

The Chenopodioideae are annual or perennial herbs, subshrubs, shrub or small trees. The leaves are usually alternate and flat.

The flowers are often unisexual. Many species are monoecious or have mixed inflorescences of bisexual and unisexual flowers. Some species are dioecious, like Spinacia, Grayia, Exomis, and Atriplex. In several species of tribe Atripliceae, the female flowers are without perianth, but enclosed by two bracts. The species with a perianth have up to five tepals. The seed is horizontal or vertical, with annular or horseshoe-shaped embryo.

Distribution

The subfamily Chenopodioideae is distributed worldwide, but originates from Eurasia.

Systematics
Good King Henry (Blitum bonus-henricus), tribe Anserineae
Chenopodium spinescens, tribe Atripliceae
Grayia spinosa, tribe Atripliceae
Krascheninnikovia lanata, tribe Axyrideae
Dysphania carinata, tribe Dysphanieae

The genera of this subfamily were formerly classified in family Chenopodiaceae in the Cronquist system.

According to Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012) and based on molecular genetic research, the subfamily comprises 4 tribes and includes about 26 genera:

  • Tribus Anserineae Dumort. (Syn. Spinacieae), with 2 genera:
  • Tribus Atripliceae C. A. Mey. (Syn. Chenopodieae Dumort.): Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012) include here also Chenopodium and related genera, as Chenopodiastrum, Lipandra and Oxybasis.
    • Archiatriplex G.L.Chu, with only one species:
      • Archiatriplex nanpinensis G.L.Chu: endemitic in the Chinese province Sichuan.[1]
    • Atriplex L. - saltbush, orache (Syn.: Blackiella, Cremnophyton, Haloxanthium, Neopreissia, Obione, Pachypharynx, Senniella, Theleophyton), with about 300 species worldwide
    • Baolia H.W.Kung & G.L.Chu, with only one species:
      • Baolia bracteata H.W.Kung & G.L.Chu, endemitic in the Chinese province Gansu.[2]
    • Chenopodiastrum S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch: with 5 species, for example:
      • Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. Chenopodium hybridum L.)
      • Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - Sowbane, nettle-leaf goosefoot (Syn. Chenopodium murale L.)
      • Chenopodiastrum simplex (Torrey) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - Maple-leaf goosefoot (Syn.: Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Raf.)
    • Chenopodium L. - goosefoot (sensu stricto, incl. Einadia Raf. and Rhagodia R.Br.[3]): with about 90 species worldwide.
    • Exomis Fenzl ex Moq., with only one species:
      • Exomis microphylla (Thunb.) Aellen: a subshrub in southern and western Africa growing in gardens and hedges.
    • Extriplex E.H.Zacharias, with 2 species in western North America:
      • Extriplex californica (Moq.) E.H.Zacharias - California saltbush, California orache (Syn.: Atriplex californica Moq.) [4]
      • Extriplex joaquinana (A.Nelson) E.H.Zacharias - San Joaquin saltbush, San Joaquin orach (Syn.: Atriplex joaquinana A.Nelson)[4]
    • Grayia Hook. & Arn. - siltbush, hopsage (Syn. Zuckia Standl.), with 4 shrubby species in western North America, for example:
    • Halimione Aellen - purslane, with 3 species in Europe and Western Asia, for example:
    • Holmbergia Hicken, with only one species:
      • Holmbergia tweedii (Moq.) Speg., a shrub in Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.
    • Lipandra Moq.: with only one species:
      • Lipandra polysperma (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn. Chenopodium polyspermum L.) - many-seed goosefoot
    • Manochlamys Aellen, with only one species:
      • Manochlamys albicans Aellen: a subshrub in southern Africa, Namibia and Cape province, growing on rocky an sandy slopes, sand dunes and road sides.
    • Microgynoecium Hook.f., with only one species:
      • Microgynoecium tibeticum Hook.f.: in Tibet and Sikkim, growing in alpine meadows and on disturbed sites.
    • Micromonolepis Ulbr., with only one species:
      • Micromonolepis pusilla (Torr. ex S. Watson) Ulbr. - small povertyweed, in western North America
    • Oxybasis Kar. & Kir.: with 5 species, for example:
      • Oxybasis chenopodioides (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - low goosefoot (Syn. Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen)
      • Oxybasis glauca (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - Oak-leaved goosefoot (Syn. Chenopodium glaucum L.)
      • Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch - Red Goosefoot (Syn. Chenopodium rubrum L.)
    • Proatriplex (W.A.Weber) Stutz & G.L.Chu, with only one species:
      • Proatriplex pleiantha (W.A.Weber) Stutz & G.L.Chu, an annual herb from western North America.
    • Stutzia E.H.Zacharias (Syn. Endolepis Torr.), with 2 annual species in western North America:
      • Stutzia covillei (Standl.) E.H.Zacharias (Syn. Atriplex covillei (Standl.) J. F. Macbr., Endolepis covillei Standl)[4]
      • Stutzia dioica (Nutt.) E.H.Zacharias (Syn. Atriplex suckleyi (Torrey) Rydberg, Endolepis suckleyi Torr.)[4]
  • Tribus Axyrideae (Heklau) G. Kadereit & A. Sukhor., with dendritic trichomes. 3 genera:
  • Tribus Dysphanieae:
    • Cycloloma Moq. (Syn.: Cyclolepis Moquin-Tandon) with only one species:
      • Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Sprengel) J.M.Coulter: widespread in Canada, USA and northern Mexico[5]
    • Dysphania R.Br., with about 42 species worldwide, for example:
    • Suckleya A.Gray, with only one species:
      • Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb., a succulent annual from western North America.
    • Teloxys Moq.: with only one species:
      • Teloxys aristata (L.) Moq.[6] (Syn.: Chenopodium aristatum L., Dysphania aristata): from Eastern Europe to temperate Asia, naturalized elsewhere.

Fossil record

The oldest fossil records for Chenopodioideae are pollen grains recovered from Maastrichtian sediments of the Edmonton Formation in Canada.[7]

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References
  • Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch (2012): A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). In: Willdenowia. Vol. 42, No. 1, p. 5-24.
  • Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias & Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae) (2010): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. - In: American Journal of Botany 97(10): p. 1664-1687. (chapters description, distribution and systematics)
  • A.P. Sukhorukov, M. Zhang (2013): Fruit and seed Anatomy of Chenopodium and related genera (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae): Implications for evolution and taxonomy. - PLOS ONE. Vol. 8, № 4. e61906. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061906 online
  1. Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants (2003): Archiatriplex - Online, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China, Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press und Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing und St. Louis, ISBN 1-930723-27-X. p. 360
  2. Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants (2003): Baolia - Online, In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Hrsg.): Flora of China, Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae, Science Press und Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing und St. Louis, ISBN 1-930723-27-X. p. 375
  3. Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Guilhem Mansion, Thomas Borsch: Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, online 22 October 2011, ISSN 1055-7903, .
  4. Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Bruce G. Baldwin (2010): A Molecular Phylogeny of North American Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae), with Implications for Floral and Photosynthetic Pathway Evolution. In: Systematic Botany 35(4), p.839-857. doi:10.1600/036364410X539907
  5. Sergei L. Mosyakin (2003): Cycloloma - Online, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Hrsg.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1., Oxford University Press, New York, ISBN 0-19-517389-9, p.264-265
  6. "Teloxys aristata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  7. Assorted angiosperm pollen from the Edmonton Formation (Maestrichtian), Alberta, Canada by Satish K. Srivastava – Canadian Journal of Botany, 1969, 47(6): 975-989, https://doi.org/10.1139/b69-138
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