Chalcosiinae

Chalcosiinae is a subfamily of the Zygaenidae, containing many species, mostly little known. Prominent sexual dimorphism, bright aposematic coloration and mimicry complexes are widespread.

Chalcosiinae
Eterusia repleta
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Zygaenidae
Subfamily: Chalcosiinae
Type species
Sphinx pectinicornis
L.
Genera

Over 65, see text

Cyclosia papilionaris, female

Several members of this subfamily remain relatively obscure, only being known from a single specimen, as in the case of the genus Isocrambia. Some others are known from specimens of a specific sex, such as Cyanidia and Allocaprima.

Distribution

The members of Chalcosiinae are distributed throughout Palearctic East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Micronesia. The majority of the subfamily extending as far north as the Russian Far-East (Elcysma westwoodi[1]) and as far west as Pakistan (Campylotes). A single genus, Aglaope is disjunctly distributed from the remainder of the genus, being found in the Iberian peninsula and Southern France.

Mimicry

A large majority of Chalcosiine moths engage in mimicry complexes with a large variety of butterflies and moths. Yen Shen-Horn designates 19 unique types, separated by wing patterns which allow the ability to mimic a large variety of lepidopterans.

Species that are mimicked by Chalcosiine moths include:

Laelia, Pantana, Calinaga, Parantica, Aporia, Idea, Ideopsis, Euploea, Danaus, Delias, Eurema, Milionia, Scrobigera, Nyctemera, Dysphania, Lithosiinae, Sesiidae, Syntomini, Asota, Damias, Retina, Troidini, Melanothrix

Systematics

Alberti (1954) created five tribes within the subfamily. The five tribes only covered 40 genera, with the remaining 25 genera at the time lacking the proper material to warrant division. With this subfamily's notorious obscurity, and the relative variation between species and subspecies, the relationships between members is still quite indeterminate.[2] S.H. Yen and team (2005) proposes 18 clades, with the Heteropanini being elevated to subfamily level. Clade 1 encompassing Agalopini and Aglaopini, Clade 2 encompassing an extended Cyclosiini, and Chalcosiini being the remainder of clades 6-18. As they describe, the nomenclature for this subfamily is currently unstable and is subject to further revision.

The subfamily consists of about 380 species in 70 genera. It contains the following genera[3][4]

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References
  1. "Elcysma westwoodi, color image". szmn.eco.nsc.ru. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  2. Quicke, Donald L. J.; Robinson, Gaden S.; Yen, Shen-Horn (1 February 2005). "The phylogenetic relationships of Chalcosiinae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Zygaenidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 143 (2): 161–341. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00139.x. ISSN 0024-4082. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  3. Wikispecies: Chalcosiinae. Version of 14:15, 7 November 2006. Wikispecies is not overly reliable for Lepidoptera and should be replaced by a scientific source.
  4. Beccaloni, George; et al. (eds.). "Search Results Subfamily: Chalcosiinae". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum, London.
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