Cesáreo Sanz Escartín

Romualdo Cesáreo Sanz Escartín (1844-1923) was a Spanish Carlist politician and military leader. He is known mostly as a longtime Cortes member, first as a deputy and later as a senator, in both cases representing Navarre. In 1918-1919 he briefly served as provisional leader of Carlist political structures in Spain.

Cesáreo Sanz Escartín
Born
Cesáreo[1] Sanz Escartín

1844[2]
Pamplona, Spain
Died1923
Madrid, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationentrepreneur
Known forpolitician
Political partyCarlism

Family and youth
Casa Sanz, Roncal

Along his paternal line Romualdo Cesáreo Sanz Escartín was descendant to Sanz and Amigot families; both for centuries have been related to Valle de Roncal, a mountainous area in the Navarrese Pyrenees, and have inter-married a number of times across a few generations since the 17th century.[3] His paternal grandfather, Agustín Mariano Sanz López (1765-1838), originated from Roncal,[4] where the family owned an iconic Sanz mansion.[5] He married Juana Antonia Amigot Ochoa (1776-1837), also a Roncalesa.[6] Their son and Cesáreo's father, Juan Nepomuceno, served as captain of Carabineros [7] and another relative, Cesáreo Sanz López, in the army.[8] Also other family members served in the uniformed forces: Juan's brother Miguel Sanz Amigot in the Guardia Civil, and rose to the rank of a coronel; he formed part of command layer of Decimotercero Tercio, a unit covering the provinces of Vizcaya, Gipuzkoa, Álava and Navarre.[9][10]

Eduardo Sanz Escartín

Unlike his ascendants Juan Nepomuceno Sanz Amigot did not marry a local a girl and wed Josefa Escartín Mainer[11] (in some sources named as Mayner),[12] a native of Jaca, descendant to an Aragonese family of petty landholders and civil servants noted already in 15th century.[13] The couple settled in Pamplona. It is not clear how many children they had, though there were at least three sons among them.[14] Growing in the family of military tradition, the young Cesáreo was from the onset prepared to join the army; in 1857 he became a cadet[15] in Colegio de Infanteria in Toledo, where in 1861 he completed the standard curriculum and was promoted to the first officer rank of alférez.[16] As excellent student he was not assigned to any field unit and assumed auxiliary teaching duties in the Toledo academy, where in 1863 he became profesor de cadetes.[17]

At unspecified time Sanz Escartín married Cristeta Amóros; none of the sources consulted provides any information on his wife, except that she died in 1920.[18] The couple lived mostly in Toledo, though they owned also an apartment at calle San Bernardo in Madrid.[19] It is not clear whether they had any children. Though no author explicitly claims there were none, no genealogical website features any descendants and obituaries of both Sanz and his wife did not mention any; moreover, in last will he administered that personal fortune left after his death be spent on religious purposes.[20] Two of his close relatives became nationally recognized figures. A younger cousin of Cesáreo, Eduardo Sanz Escartín, was a Conservative politician; during late Restoration he grew to civil governor of Barcelona and minister of labor, though he is known mostly as one of sociology pioneers in Spain. Fermín Sanz-Orrio, a son of Romualdo's paternal cousin, was a Falangist politician and minister of labor during mid-Francoism.[21]

Revolution and war
Béjar revolution, 1868

In the mid-1860s Sanz was assigned to batallón de Cazadores de Llerena; he served as teniente when in 1868 the unit was deployed against the revolutionaries in Béjar.[22] The bloodbath and ensuing repression echoed across the country, which prompted Sanz and other officers to defend themselves in the press.[23] Promoted to captain,[24] he resumed teaching duties in Toledo.[25] Sanz's career in the infantry college came to an abrupt end following declaration of the Republic; he lodged a discharge request and was released from the army.[26] At that time he already declared himself a Carlist; straight from Toledo he headed North, where legitimist turmoil was gradually turning into a full-blown civil war. At that time his uncle, Cesáreo Sanz López,[27] was already member of the highest Carlist military and administrative bodies.[28]

Upon access Sanz declined an offer to be promoted to a comandante; he was assigned to the troops commanded by general Nicolas Ollo and operating in central Navarre. It is not clear what unit he was heading during the 1873 campaign, first taking part in victorious battles of Allo and Dicastillo, then taking Estella and finally laying siege to Viana and Lumbier.[29] Gaining his comandante stripes on the battlefield, later in the year he was entrusted with organization of 9. Batallón de Navarra, the unit he then led in combat.[30] In June 1874 he organized a daring attempt to capture Lumbier, an episode which almost cost him life when cut off from his troops, in an isolated house and with personal staff only he fought off enemy soldiers.[31] In the second half of 1874 Sanz led the 9. Battalion at Rocafuerte, Abárzuza and Sangüesa,[32] recognized for both serenity and valor when under fire. During fighting at Santa Margarita heights he personally led a company in a head-on charge and had his horse shot; he was afterwards promoted to teniente coronel.[33]

Carlos VII and his staff, 1873-4

In late 1874 Sanz took command of a column, a formation composed of his original 9. Batallón though also of 2. and 4. Navarrese battalions; the grouping was engaged on the Aragon front and until early 1875 took part in the unsuccessful siege of Pamplona. Following the battle of Artazu promoted to coronel de infanteria he left the line command and was appointed head of staff of División de Navarra, commanded by general José Lerga;[34] he is credited for drafting plans to take Lumbier, executed in October 1875 by general José Pérula. At that time Sanz was already responsible for organizing Cuerpo de Inválidos and Batallones Sedentarios, makeshift stopgap formations set up as the Carlist war machine was already running out of steam. Once conde de Caserta assumed command of Ejercito Real del Norte Sanz moved to another staff assignment appointed segundo jefe of his Estado Mayor;[35] at that time the Carlist troops were already in full retreat. Withdrawing towards the Pyrenees, in February 1876 Sanz crossed the French frontier;[36] at that time he was already general de brigada.[37]

Settled
Academia de Infantería, 1880s

Sanz's exile did not last long. At unspecified time though prior to the summer of 1877 he returned to Spain, settling back in Toledo. As a discharged officer he was not entitled to military pension; he decided to make a living banking on his teaching and wartime experience as an infantry commander.

The Toledo Colegio Militár de Infantería, set up by Ministry of Defense in 1850 as the key military education establishment, following a brief period in Madrid returned to Toledo in 1876, renamed as Academia. Located in iconic Alcázar premises and admitting hundreds of officer hopefuls every year it became not only a city landmark, but also exercised enormous influence on local life, with massive impact in terms of lodging, transportation, services and production, all geared to address the academy needs.[38] The Infantry Academy gave rise also to private schools, supposed to prepare candidates to pass the Academia entry exams; during last decades of the 19th century there were 5-8 such establishments operating.[39] It was one of such schools that Sanz Escartín opened himself.

Named Academia Preparatoria, Colegio de Preparación, Colegio General Militar or simply Academia-Colegio, the school was first located at Puerta Llana, then moving to two adjacent buildings at Bajada del Pozo Amargo.[40] Its exact opening year is unclear; some of its later notes claimed it had operated since 1875,[41] though first press adverts targeting new candidates can be traced back to 1877.[42] Invariably featuring Sanz as the director, the school kept recruiting at least until the early 20th century. It is not clear whether lack of press adverts in mid-1890s is indicative of the school temporarily closing or quite to the contrary, acquiring a prestigious status which did not require commercial marketing. Though press adverts did not exploit the Carlist wartime record of its director, parents of similar political leaning used to favor Sanz's college over similar schools; that was the case of Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros, the future commander of Republican Air Force, who as a boy was sent from his native Vitoria to Toledo.[43]

new Toledo cadets taking oath

Sanz's educational establishment seems to have worked well; in 1905 it claimed that 267 of its alumni had passed the Infantry Academy entry exams so far,[44] some of them admitted as "numero uno" in their respective classes.[45] Also independent contemporary commentators noted that in terms of military education Sanz was "greatly successful".[46] At least periodically the college employed some teaching staff,[47] though it is not clear whether Sanz remained an owner-manager or whether he taught himself; the latter is not unlikely, as some sources refer to him as "gran matemático".[48] With some 30 years of teaching record, in the early 20th century the college gained a firm status and its owner emerged as one of established city figures. In the 1910s Sanz entered the Toledan Asociación de Misiones Pedagógicas and became a member of its Junta Directiva.[49] It is not clear in what circumstances and when exactly the college closed. Its last commercial note identified comes from 1911.[50]

Deputy
Cerralbo

Following military defeat of 1876 Carlism underwent the period of crisis and did not assume an organized political shape until the late 1880s. Sanz remained on the sidelines of the movement's meager public initiatives; neither in contemporary press nor in scholarly historical works he is noted among provincial, regional or national party leaders.[51] However, he remained engaged in the party, subscribing to Traditionalist press and taking part in mobilization projects formatted as cultural initiatives, e.g. in the mid-1880s donating money to the monument of Tomás Zumalacarregui.[52] During the 1888 crisis, when Ramón Nocedal challenged the claimant and eventually led the secession of the so-called Integrists, Sanz remained loyal to his king. When the new party leader marqués de Cerralbo changed the strategy from abstention to active participation in national political life, Sanz emerged among candidates to take part in electoral race.

During the 1891 campaign the Carlists for the first time decided to field official party lists. Sanz Escartín, though resident of Toledo, was agreed to stand in his native Navarre, in the district of Pamplona. Some newspapers confused him with his uncle, Cesáreo Sanz López,[53] which did not prevent electoral success: Sanz emerged as the front-runner,[54] defeating Conservative, Liberal, Republican and Integrist counter-candidates;[55] especially his victory over the latter must have satisfied the claimant. He was the only one of 4 Carlists running in Navarre who succeeded[56] and one of 7 Carlists elected nationwide. The 1891 success turned out the first in a forthcoming string of almost continuous electoral triumphs: running from the same Pamplona district[57] Sanz got his ticket renewed in 1893,[58] 1896,[59] 1898[60] and 1901.[61] His victories were always clear,[62] as he used to gain some 40% of the votes cast;[63] usually confident of triumph[64] Sanz scarcely travelled during his campaigns.[65] His stronghold remained central Navarre, with worse results in Pirineos and Cantabricos.[66] The 1891-1903 string would have been uninterrupted save for the 1899 campaign, when the Carlists decided not to take part in elections:[67] Sanz remained fully loyal and complied.[68]

Palacio de las Cortes

Though Sanz spent 5 terms and 9 years in the Congress of Deputies, he is hardly known for any personal activity. Not a single time he has been referred to by the press in his MP capacity, be it delivering an address, fathering a legal motion or simply questioning the government. It seems that his engagement boiled down to signing up to initiatives animated by Carlist parliamentary champions, mostly Juan Vázquez de Mella; their scope ranged from education to economy to military issues.[69] The single time he was mentioned single-handedly was when the disciplinary commission considered legal action against Sanz; the motion, eventually abandoned, resulted from his article published in El Correo Español and deemed anti-constitutional.[70] It is not clear whether his performance in the chamber contributed to termination of Sanz's career of a deputy; in 1903 he again stood in Pamplona and somewhat unexpectedly failed to get his ticket renewed.[71]

Rise to Field Marshal
Carlist dogs conspiring

Having obtained the Cortes mandate Sanz, despite his previous moderate engagement in internal party life, emerged as one of the most recognizable Carlist figures. This translated to his somewhat more energetic activities, be it in terms of co-ordinating nationwide projects with nominal party leadership[72] or taking part in public rallies, be it in Pamplona[73] or in Madrid;[74] he also took advantage of his deputy status protesting to civil authorities about alleged mistreatment of Carlist activists.[75] Throughout most of the 1890s, however, he did not assume any major position within the party structures; the regional organization in Castilla la Nueva, where Sanz lived, was led by marqués de Cerralbo, while the one in Navarre, where he originated from, following the death of marqués de Valde-Espina was led by Salvadór Elío Ezpeleta.[76] It was only in the late 1890s when Sanz grew to head of the Madrid circulo,[77] in 1897 assuming also the Navarrese jefatura.[78]

In the very late 1890s Sanz emerged among the party heavyweights. In 1897 he was invited to the claimant's residence in Venice to take part in editing the Carlist doctrinal manifesto, though little is known about his actual contribution to the so-called Acta de Loredan.[79] The following year he was already fully engaged in a Carlist plot, aimed at launching another insurgency. In 1899 he was nominated to a 7-member junta, supposed to co-ordinate action plan of the rising,[80] and grew to its supreme military authority; this was formally recognized by Carlos VII nominating Sanz to mariscal del campo.[81] Full picture of the attempt remains obscure; it seems that the Carlist command put off the insurgency, which in Catalonia got out of hand and materialized as few isolated revolts, known as La Octubrada.[82] During the key period Sanz was in Bayonne, not clear whether part of Carlist smokescreen or actual strategy to disengage from would-be unrest.[83] Also the aftermath period is far from clear. Some authors claim that Sanz was spared the claimant's anger and in 1900 was still considered Minister of War in a would-be rebellious Carlist government.[84] On the other hand, contemporary press reported his alleged differences with Carlos VII, pointed to his supposed opposition to military action and speculated this was the reason for no official reprisal measures having been administered versus Sanz.[85]

La Octubrada, 1899

La Octubrada caused major shakeup in the Carlist political command, with marqués de Cerralbo replaced by Matías Barrio y Mier as the king's Jefe Delegado. Sanz is not named as a protagonist of the turmoil which rocked top layers of the party, apart that he resigned from the Navarrese jefatura.[86] It seems he did not fall from grace, as in 1902 he was considered member of an auxiliary junta, to be set up as assistance to the ailing Barrio.[87] However, having lost the parliamentary mandate in 1903 he lost also prestigious position within the executive, especially that his friend de Cerralbo was also sidetracked and the party was controlled by a new team.

Senator
Carlist standard

In 1904 Sanz attempted to re-enter the Cortes; instead of Congreso de Diputados he targeted the Senate, fielding his candidature in Navarre. Instead of popular vote, members of the upper chamber were selected by a pre-defined group of electors, named compromisarios; accordingly, the electoral campaign was all about behind-the-stage dealings. Details of the bid are not clear, except that Sanz was endorsed as a Carlist candidate;[88] at that time he was already sort of an iconic Navarrese figure, acknowledged even in not necessarily hostile press couplets.[89] The negotiations must have proven unsuccessful, as he withdrew shortly before the process was concluded.[90] In the mid-1900 he generally disengaged himself from great politics[91] and focused on the Toledan milieu. Apart from rising to executive of the local Asociación de Misiones Pedagógicas,[92] in 1906 he entered Junta Municipal de Toledo[93] and in 1908 became adjunto del Juzgado Municipal.[94] Having engaged in setting up the municipal Cámara de Comercio, in the early 1910s he emerged as its first president.[95]

In 1914 Sanz resumed his Senate bid, again from Navarre. There is no information on the background of the campaign, though apparently this time the backstage haggling proved successful: he was elected among 3 candidates who enjoyed massive advantage over the remaining contenders.[96] The victory again proved to be the first one in a string of successive triumphs: Sanz got his mandate prolonged in 1916,[97] 1918[98] and 1919.[99] His 4 terms came to an end in 1920; it is not clear whether he lost or decided to terminate the parliamentarian career. Unlike in case of his deputy record, Sanz's stand in the upper chamber was not passive. Though in terms of legal initiatives he is noted only for fathering a draft law related to officer retirement rules, the project he eventually withdrew,[100] Sanz engaged in a number of army-related discussions – he contributed to debates on internal organization, military academies, remuneration and awards, war in Morocco, retirement or military justice. He formed part of commissions related to the army and the navy, though also used to join those focusing on legal, budgetary and economic issues.[101] Though his term in the Senate fell on the years of the Great War, neither in the official Senate record nor in the press he was recorded discussing Spanish position towards the warring parties.

Palacio del Senado

Sanz's term in the Senate was not marked by particular controversies; it was only once that he came under fire as alleged "generalisimo de Requetés", a freshly created Carlist youth organization, whose members were suspected of running a sabotage campaign.[102] He denied any involvement and indeed, at the time the Requeté organization was led by another Carlist military, Joaquín Llorens.[103] Due to his advanced age and longtime parliamentary record Sanz acquired prestigious status: in 1916 Navarrese MPs and senators from all parties elected him their dean.[104]

Mellista
Jaime III, 1918

During the 1910s Carlism was paralyzed by conflict between the claimant Don Jaime and the key theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella. Sanz, due to his Senate seat a member of Junta Superior Central Tradicionalista, was not a protagonist of the strife,[105] though his links with Cerralbo placed him rather among the Mellistas. In 1916, when the Navarrese jefe Francisco Martínez found it impossible to square the circle of conflicting loyalties and resigned, Cerralbo appointed Sanz as his replacement;[106] at that time Don Jaime was isolated in his house arrest in Austria and the party was almost entirely taken over by de Mella supporters. In the mid-1910s Sanz was already considered "claro promellista".[107]

Since the early 1918 marqués de Cerralbo tried to step down as Carlist political leader. In April 1918 he managed to get his resignation as president of Junta Superior accepted; its members elected Sanz his temporary replacement.[108] At the age of 74 he formally became the Carlist political leader, though missing final confirmation from his non-contactable king[109] he appeared either as "vicepresidente de Junta Suprema" or "presidente en funciones",[110] holding what was named "presidencia interina" or "presidencia accidental".[111] The second half of 1918 was a period of general bewilderment among the Carlists, with de Mella effectively acting as their political leader in Spain. Sanz was not noted for any specific initiative except a note he co-edited[112] and promoted, finally issued by the Navarrese Diputación: it re-claimed traditional provincial rights, scrapped in 1839, and was intended as a measure countering Basque nationalist demands, presented to president Wilson.[113]

Juan Vazquez de Mella

In the first days of January 1919 Don Jaime arrived in Paris; he immediately demanded that Sanz, de Mella and de Cerralbo report to him in person.[114] Sanz was anticipating the worst and possibly preparing a would-be secession, he took steps intended to transfer ownership of the party mouthpiece, El Correo Español, to a commercial company controlled by the Mellistas.[115] The Spanish Carlists were eventually denied French visas and did not show up in Paris,[116] but as late as in February 1919 the clash did not seem inevitable: Don Jaime confirmed Sanz as temporary president of Junta Superior.[117] Aware of a belligerent manifesto, prepared by the claimant, Sanz asked that its publication be suspended; he was surprised to find it printed in Correo.[118]

Details of the final breakup are not clear; there is no known document in which Don Jaime dismissed Sanz from the presidency or expulsed him from the party.[119] However, in late February 1919 he already appointed Pascual Comín Moya as the new, temporary party leader.[120] In April the 75-year-old Sanz was already recorded as active in Junta Central of a new, separate Mellista organization.[121] Prior to the 1920 elections he was among the key Mellist pundits supporting a non-dynastical Federación Monárquica,[122] though he was also uneasy that general party assembly failed to materialize.[123] Once his senate mandate expired he seems to have withdrawn from politics; starting 1921 there is no further information on his public activity.

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See also

Footnotes
  1. until the 1870s he was referred to - and also auto-referred - as "Romualdo"; afterwards the first name of "Cesáreo" seemed to prevail. In historiography he is usually referred to as "Cesáreo", though some authors, probably to avoid confusion with other individuals named "Cesareo Sanz", prefer the "Romualdo Cesáreo" version
  2. birth date quoted after the official Cortes service, available here According to some sources he was born in 1845, see e.g. Sanz y Escartín, Romualdo Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264, also its online version available here, Melchor Ferrer , Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. XXIX, Sevilla 1979, p. 92. One source quotes an obviously incorrect birth date of 1855, see Romualdo Cesáreo Sanz Escartin entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  3. Romualdo’s great-great-great-grandafther, José Sanz, married Ana Maria Felipa Amigot; his great-great-grandfather married Josefa Amigot, and his great-grandfather married Juana Antonia Amigot, see his descendants starting from the first available at the Geni genealogical service, available here; another version of genealogical tree at Geneaordonez service, available here
  4. Agustín Mariano Sanz López entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  5. see the official Valle de Roncal tourist service, available here
  6. Juana Antonia Amigot Ochoa entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  7. Juan Nepomuceno José Sanz Amigot entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  8. Cesáreo Sanz López entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online, available here, also Sanz y López, Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264
  9. De los legajos al documento electrónico, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788490851401, p. 125
  10. Guia de forasteros para el año 1866, Madrid 1865, p. 539, available here
  11. De los legajos al documento electrónico, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788490851401, p. 125
  12. Josefa Escartín Mayner entry, [in:] Geni genealogical service, available here
  13. Los Escartin, de Escartin entry, [in:] Amigos de Serrablo service, available here
  14. Carlos Campo Sánchez, Eduardo Sanz y Escartín: el reformismo de un católico conservador, [in:] Miscelánea Comillas: Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales 69 (2011), p. 184
  15. La España 09.03.57, available here
  16. Ferrer 1979, p. 92
  17. Ferrer 1979, pp. 92-3
  18. ABC 20.10.21, available here
  19. El Debate 10.02.23, available here
  20. El Debate 27.02.23, available here
  21. the father of Fermín Sanz-Orrio y Sanz, Francisco Javier Sanz, was brother of Romualdo’s father
  22. where the locals deposed city authorities, seized official funds and set up a revolutionary democratic junta, Gregorio de Fuente Monge, Los revolucionarios de 1868: élites y poder en la España liberal, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788495379160, p. 29
  23. La Iberia 15.10.68, available here
  24. Sanz y Escartín, Romualdo Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264
  25. Ferrer 1979, p. 92
  26. Ferrer 1979, p. 94
  27. few authors refer to Sanz Escartin as "sobrino" of Sanz Lopez, though their exact relationship is not clear, B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Príncipe heróico y soldados leales, Barcelona 1912, p. 258, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2012, p. 495
  28. Cesáreo Sanz López entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia online, available here
  29. "donde encargado de abrir una mina para batir uno de los fuertes, tropezose gue el subsuelo era roca viva, por lo que era imposible abrir la galeria, y entonces se le confió la colocación de la bomba que, incendiando parte del fuerte, obligo a sus defensores a que se rindiera", Ferrer 1979, p. 92
  30. Sanz y Escartín, Romualdo Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264
  31. Ferrer 1979, p. 92
  32. Romualdo Cesáreo Sanz Escartin entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  33. Ferrer 1979, p. 92
  34. Antonio Brea, Campaña del norte de 1873 a 1876, Barcelona 1897, p. 383
  35. Román Oyarzun Oyarzun, Historia del carlismo, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788497614481, p. 460, Brea 1897, p. 382
  36. Ferrer 1979, p. 93
  37. José María Remirez de Ganuza López, Las Elecciones Generales de 1898 y 1899 en Navarra, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 49 (1988), p. 362, B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Cruzados modernos, Barcelona 1910, pp. 217-222, Romualdo Cesáreo Sanz Escartin entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  38. Enrique Sánchez Lubían, Toledo y las academias preparatorias, [in:] ABC 17.09.13, available here
  39. ran i.e. by Antonio Lozano Ascarza, Agustin Montagut, Arturo Guiu, Pedro Bazán or Rodrigo Peñalosa, most of them in senior officer ranks and some acting professors of the Academy at the same time, Sánchez Lubían 2013
  40. compare adverts from the 1870s - La Corespondencia de España 24.09.78, available here, from the 1880s - El Imparcial 09.11.81, available here, from the 1890s – El Imparcial 14.09.91, available here, or from the 1900 - La Corespondencia de España 04.01.05, available here
  41. El Comercio 03.10.79, available here
  42. La Corespondencia de España 19.06.77, available here
  43. in this particular case Sanz as an educator recorded a failure. The young Ignacio demonstrated little knack for learning and his entering the Sanz’s college was intended as an emergency measure; the plan did not work out and the boy fell out from also from this school, finally completing his education elsewhere, Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros, Dobry wiatr alisio, Warszawa 1961, p. 36
  44. La Corespondencia de España 04.01.05, available here
  45. Ferrer 1979, p. 93
  46. La Revista Moderna 1898, p. 573, available here
  47. Juan Eymar, Franco Alvarez Arenas and others. El Porvenir 22.11.05, available here
  48. La Revista Moderna 1898, p. 573, available here
  49. La Campana Gorda 04.04.12, available here
  50. El Porvenir 31.08.11, available here
  51. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 80; in the late 1880s marqués de Cerralbo took the lead in Castilla la Nueva, while Valde-Espina remained the Northern leader, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 146
  52. El Siglo Futuro 24.03.83, available here; he also took part in initiatives which seem not quite typical for a Carlist, e.g. engaged in anti-slavery movement, La Unión Católica 06.04.89, available here
  53. La Unión Católica 22.01.91, available here. Also some present-day scholars confuse Sanz Escartín with his uncle, see e.g. Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 207, 238
  54. see the Sanz 1891 mandate at official Cortes service, available here
  55. Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996), p. 199; he recorded best results in the central Navarrese comarcas of Pamplona (including the city of Pamplona), Barranca, Amescoas and Valdizarbe, performing far worse in the Pyrenees and Cantabricos, Zaratiegui Labiano 1996, p. 200
  56. those defeated were Montoya in Estella, Irigaray in Tafalla and Castillo in Tudela, Zaratiegui Labiano 1996, p. 199
  57. though in 1901 he was initially reported standing in Aoiz, the district comprising Valle de Roncal, where the Sanz family originated from, El Día 03.04.01, available here
  58. see the Sanz 1893 mandate at official Cortes service, available here
  59. see the Sanz 1896 mandate at official Cortes service, available here
  60. see the Sanz 1898 mandate at official Cortes service, available here
  61. see the Sanz 1901 mandate at official Cortes service, available here
  62. Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 373
  63. around 42% in 1891, 36% in 1893, 49% in 1896, 41% in 1899 and 41% in 1901
  64. Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 366
  65. Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 373
  66. Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 375
  67. the Carlist leaders pondered upon launching another insurgency and have already started to prepare the uprising. The Silvela government reacted with preventive detentions and expulsions, resulting in the Carlist organizational network seriously debilitated. Finally Don Carlos decided to abstain, Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 382
  68. Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 382
  69. see e.g. La Dinastía 23.12.93, available here, Revista de España 1894, p. 100, available here, La Iberia 29.03.95, available here, El Correo Militar 08.07.96, available here, El Liberal 08.09.96, available here
  70. La Unión Católica 03.05.92, available < here
  71. El Siglo Futuro 02.05.06, available here
  72. e.g. in 1891 he corresponded with de Cerralbo on another attempt to honor Zumalacarregui, a pyramide, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 166
  73. El Siglo Futuro 01.1091, available here
  74. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 323
  75. 1891 protesting to the civil governor of Pamplona over measures v Carlists, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 207; in the work quoted he is confused with Cesáreo Sanz López
  76. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 258
  77. in 1897, Remirez de Ganuza López 1988, p. 362, Eduardo González Calleja, La razón de la fuerza: orden público, subversión y violencia política en la España de la Restauración (1875–1917), Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788400077785, pp. 194-5
  78. La Epoca 22.03.97, available here; in 1903 he became jefe of the riojan Carlists, El País 04.02.03, available here
  79. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 326, González Calleja 1998, p. 183
  80. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 363, González Calleja 1998, pp. 198-9
  81. Ferrer 1979, p. 93, Sanz y Escartín, Romualdo Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264. Sanz did not use the title in public milieu; if Sanz's Carlist rank was invoked by the press, he was usually referred to as "so-called general" or "so-called marshal", though there were exceptions, also in non-Carlist press, see e.g. references to "general Sanz" in El Sol, 16.06.19, available here
  82. the 1899 events have not earned an in-depth monograph so far. The most detailed works available are somewhat sketchy articles, see Eduardo González Calleja, Jordi Canal, No era la ocasión propicia..... La conspiración carlista de fin de siglo en un memorial a don Carlos, [in:] Hispania 181 (1992), pp. 705-742, Jordi Canal, Republicanos y carlistas contra el Estado. Violencia política en la España finiseculan, [in:] Ayer 13 (1994), pp. 57-84
  83. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 362
  84. González Calleja 1998, p. 205
  85. La Vanguadia 06.11.00, available here
  86. La Vanguardia 06.11.00
  87. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 413
  88. Heraldo Alaves 17.11.04, available here
  89. see rhymes of Raimundo García, known as Garcilaso, El Eco de Navarra 15.09.06, available here
  90. La Dinastía 14.04.04, available here
  91. he was noted rather for religious activities, see e.g. El Siglo Futuro 05.12.06, available here. In another rather non-typical Carlist gesture, paired with his anti-slavery activity one more evidence that Sanz Escartín was by no means a typical military, he joined the campaign to save the life of Pedro Coromines, see El País 24.09.07, available here. At the turn of the decades Sanz did not hold any regional Carlist jefatura; Navarre was led by Francisco Martínez and Castilla La Nueva by Tomás Domínguez Romera, Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 443
  92. La Campana Gorda 04.04.12, available here
  93. El Día del Toledo 10.03.06, available here
  94. El Día del Toledo 12.12.08, available here
  95. he resigned in 1914, Esther Martín, 100 años y un futuro incierto, [in:] La Tribuna de Toledo 13.08.12, available here, see also Guía Oficial de España 1913, p. 775, available here
  96. see Sanz 1914 mandate at the official Senate service, available here
  97. see Sanz 1916 mandate at the official Senate service, available here
  98. see Sanz 1918 mandate at the official Senate service, available here
  99. see Sanz 1919 mandate at the official Senate service, available here
  100. see Proposición de Ley de D. Cesareo Sanz y Escartín sobre pase de Coroneles a la escala de reserva (1918-1919) at the official Senate service, available here [Actividad parlamentaria bookmark]
  101. see Sanz recorded at record of the Senate sessions at the official Senate service, available here [Diario de Sesiones bookmark]
  102. requetés were suspected of throwing stones at bypassing trains, ABC 14.11.16, available here
  103. Eduardo G. Calleja, Julio Aróstegui, La tradición recuperada: el Requeté Carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), pp. 30-31, Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, pp. 56-61
  104. La Epoca 23.05.16, available here
  105. Mellism has earned one monograph so far, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788487863820. When discussing the conflict maturing within Carlism, the authot does not mention Sanz a single time prior to 1918
  106. Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 487-8
  107. Andrés Martín 2000, p. 134
  108. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 495
  109. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 501
  110. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 497
  111. Andrés Martín 2000, p. 136
  112. with Pradera and Beunza, ABC 03.05.74, available here, also José F. Lorca Navarrete, Pluralismo, regionalismo, municipalismo, Sevilla 1978, p. 130
  113. Romualdo Cesáreo Sanz Escartin entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here
  114. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 502
  115. Andrés Martín 2000, p. 141-2
  116. Oyarzún 2008, p. 494; according to another scholar, it was Sanz himself who refused to go to Paris, José Javier López Antón, Trayectoria ideológica del carlismo bajo don Jaime III, 1909-1931, [in:] Aportes 15 (1990), p. 39
  117. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 502
  118. Oyarzún 2008, p. 494, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 144
  119. Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 508. According to one source Don Jaime dissolved the entire Junta Central, which formally terminated Sanz’s role as its president, El Norte 16.05.20, available here
  120. Fernández Escudero 2012, pp. 508-9
  121. Andrés Martín 2000, p. 165,Fernández Escudero 2012, p. 514, Oyarzún 2008, p. 498, Sanz y Escartín, Romualdo Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264
  122. together with de Mella, Pradera, Careaga, Ampuero and Juaristi, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 195
  123. La Voz 04.01.20, available here

Further reading
  • Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788487863820
  • Eduardo González Calleja, Jordi Canal, No era la ocasión propicia..... La conspiración carlista de fin de siglo en un memorial a don Carlos, [in:] Hispania 181 (1992), pp. 705–742
  • Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Universidad Complutense], Madrid 2012
  • Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. XXIX, Sevilla 1979, pp. 92–95
  • María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, Las elecciones legislativas de 1893: el comienzo del fin del control de los comicios por los gobiernos liberales, [in:] Principe de Viana 49 (1988), pp. 215–227
  • Sanz y Escartín, Romualdo Cesáreo entry, [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Navarra, vol. X, Pamplona 1990, ISBN 8487120024, p. 264
  • Jesús María Zaratiegui Labiano, Efectos de la aplicación del sufragio universal en Navarra. Las elecciones generals de 1886 y 1891, [in:] Príncipe de Viana 57 (1996), pp. 177–224
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