Cassington Canal

The Cassington Canal (also known as the Cassington Cut[1] or the Evenlode Cut[4]) was an early 19th-century canal near Eynsham, Oxfordshire.[5] The canal was built by the 4th Duke of Marlborough to provide a link between the River Thames and Cassington Mill; it later provided alternative wharfage to that at Eynsham. The 0.75-mile (1.21 km) canal was in operation for less than 70 years, its use declining with the advent of rail transport.

Cassington Canal
Junction of the Cassington Canal and River Thames
LocationEynsham, Oxfordshire
Specifications
Length0.75 miles (1.21 km)
Maximum boat length112 ft 0 in (34.14 m)
Maximum boat beam14 ft 10 in (4.52 m)
Locks1
StatusDerelict[1]
History
Construction began1800[2][lower-alpha 1]
Date extended1802
Date closedc. 1870
Geography
Start pointRiver Thames
End pointCassington Wharf

The canal's primary use was to connect the Duke's salt works with the network of canals, rivers, and other inland waterways, as well as connecting the Oxford Canal and the Thames and Severn Canal.

History

Built between 1800 and 1802,[2] the canal initially provided an 11-chain (240 yd; 220 m)[6] connection between Cassington Mill and the recently-constructed Cassington–Eynsham road.[7][6][8] An early mention of the canal was in 1800, where the canal was described as "made by and belonging to" the Duke of Marlborough, and that its purpose was to convey goods between Cassington Mill and a wharf.[7] A wide pool exists on the canal near Cassington Mill; this was possibly a basin which acted as the original terminus. Here, sluices and a weir between the cut and the River Evenlode were built.[5] By 1802, the canal was extended to meet the River Thames.[7][9] At this time, engineer Robert Mylne conducted a report for the Thames Commissioners, which described the canal's length as approximately 0.75 miles (1.21 km),[lower-alpha 2] and its width as 30 feet (9.1 m).[10] He also documented a lock at the canal's junction with the Thames—possibly a stop lock as the navigations were controlled by different bodies.[9] The lock, which maintained the canal at 4 feet 11 inches (1.50 m) above the Thames (the same height as the mill weir) was 14 feet 10 inches (4.52 m) wide and 112 feet (34 m) long.[10] Beyond the canal's navigational limit at Cassington Wharf, the channel continued as a feeder from the Evenlode.[4]

The Duke of Marlborough was a shareholder in the Oxford Canal and had recently provided access between the lower Oxford Canal and the Thames via the Duke's Cut. As a private canal—both in terms of finance and land ownership—no Act of Parliament was needed to allow its construction.[11] It was built as a broad canal, meaning vessels wider than 7 feet (2.1 m)—the standard maximum beam of a narrowboat—were able to use it. Boats from the north were restricted by the lock sizes on the Oxford Canal, which only catered for narrow boats.[12] The Duke leased the canal to the Oxford Canal Company.[11] A public house, The Barge, was established at the wharf in 1804[11] by the first wharfinger, Henry Baker.[9] Baker had previously been employed at Enslow on the Oxford Canal,[10] and it is he after whom Baker's Lock (number 40) on the Oxford Canal was named.[13][6] Baker constructed two lime kilns at the wharf.[9] Although sources suggest that the canal was not complete until 1814,[11] reports exist of through-traffic of coal barges from the wharf to the Thames that were in operation in 1808.[14]

The canal's primary use was to provide a connection between the Duke's estate (including the trade from his salt works) and the network of inland waterways including other canals and rivers.[11] The canal was able to trade with the Warwickshire Coalfield via the Thames and the Oxford Canal,[2] and the Somerset Coalfield via the Thames and thence the Thames and Severn, Wilts and Berks, Kennet and Avon Canal, and Somerset Coal Canals.[9] Fierce competition between the Thames and Severn Canal Company (who had taken over ownership of the cut) and the Oxford Canal Company (who owned the Wharf Stream in Eynsham) meant that barges were not permitted to unload at Eynsham Wharf.[9] The Oxford Canal Company reacted by taking over the lease of the canal in 1834 to quash competition of coal travelling to the area from Somerset. At this time, Cassington Wharf was taking approximately £800 per year (equivalent to £77,457 in 2019).[9]

In 1839, Cassington Wharf was considered as a loading point for Taynton stone if it was to be used in the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament.[15] Charles Barry instead opted for Anston stone, much of which was loaded at Kiveton Park Wharf onto the Chesterfield Canal and taken from there to London via the North Sea.[16]

The Oxford Canal Company did not renew the lease on the canal after 1842, and it was taken over by John Hambridge.[9] In the 1841 census, Hambridge was a 40-year-old coal merchant living at Cassington Wharf.[17] He was still living at the wharf at the time of the following census in 1851.[18]

In 1861, the Oxford, Witney and Fairford Railway opened and the railway crossed the canal by means of a single-span of 32 feet 10 inches (10.01 m).[5][19] Embankments either side of the canal raised the railbed with a 1 in 100 gradient to allow sufficient clearance below the bridge.[19] The bridge was removed by the 1980s.[19]

Decline

Use of the cut declined in the mid-19th century following the arrival of the Witney railway.[11] The canal was still in occasional use in 1865 but was likely to have gone out of use by 1870.[2] The public house closed in 1872.[11] The 1898 1:2,500 Ordnance Survey map marked the cut as "Old Canal".[5] By 1913, there was no trace of the entrance lock and the cut was described as little more than a brook,[4] and by 1926 the canal was described as "forgotten".[20]

The weirs between the River Evenlode and the canal are now used by the Environment Agency as part of their Cassington Mill gauging station.[21] Part of the canal is now used for angling, and is administered by the Abingdon and Oxford Anglers Alliance.[22]

Notes
  1. Other sources suggest the canal was cut before the turn of the century[3]
  2. Mylne referred to the length as approximately "six furlongs"[10]
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References
  1. "Waterways A-Z". www.waterways.org.uk. Inland Waterways Association. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  2. Baggs, A P; Blair, W J; Chance, Eleanor; Colvin, Christina; Cooper, Janet; Day, C J; Selwyn, Nesta; Townley, S C (1990). "Cassington: Economic History". A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 12, Wootton Hundred (South) Including Woodstock. London: Victoria County History. pp. 44–48. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  3. Porteous, John Douglas (1977). Canal ports : the urban achievement of the Canal Age. Academic Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780125619509.
  4. Thacker, Fred. "Thames Highway, Locks & Weirs, Fred Thacker". thames.me.uk. Where Thames Smooth Waters Glide. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  5. "OS 25 inch". maps.nls.uk. National Library of Scotland. 1898. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  6. Hadfield, Charles (1966). The Canals of the East Midlands. David and Charles. p. 157.
  7. Compton, Hugh J (1976). The Oxford Canal. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 60. ISBN 0-7153-7238-6.
  8. Hatts, Leigh (2016). The Thames Path: National Trail from London to the river's source in Gloucestershire (3 ed.). Cicerone Press. p. 164. ISBN 9781783623204.
  9. Hamilton, Robert (January 1995). "19th Century Trade War". Waterways World. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  10. Compton, Hugh J (1976). The Oxford Canal. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 61. ISBN 0-7153-7238-6.
  11. Wood, Andy (2014). Abandoned & vanished canals of England. Stroud: Amberley. p. 120. ISBN 9781445639277.
  12. Pratt, Derek (2014). London's waterways : exploring the capital's rivers and canals (First ed.). A&C Black. p. 7. ISBN 9781408170571.
  13. Compton, Hugh J (1976). The Oxford Canal. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 71. ISBN 0-7153-7238-6.
  14. Salzman, Louis Francis (1996). The Victoria history of the county of Oxford. Published for University of London, Institute of Historical Research, by Oxford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780197227909.
  15. "Stone for the New Houses of Parliament". The Civil Engineer & Architect's Journal. 2: 374. 1839. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  16. Richardson, Christine (2007). Yorkshire stone to London : to create the Houses of Parliament. Richlow. p. 16. ISBN 9780955260926.
  17. "1841 England, Wales & Scotland Census Image". Find My Past. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  18. "1851 England, Wales & Scotland Census Image". Find My Past. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  19. Loader, Martin. "The Fairford Branch Line - Cassington". www.fairfordbranch.co.uk. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  20. Morley, Frank Vigor (1926). River Thames. Methuen & Company. p. 255.
  21. "39034 - Evenlode at Cassington Mill". National River Flow Archive. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  22. "Evenlode Triangle". allaboutangling.net. All About Angling. 31 October 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2019.

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