Carrickshock incident

The Carrickshock incident, Carrickshock massacre, or battle of Carrickshock[2] was a confrontation between the Irish Constabulary and local Catholic tenant farmers near Carrickshock, near Hugginstown, County Kilkenny on 14 December 1831, during the Tithe War in Ireland.[3] Seventeen were killed: 14 of a party attempting to collect tithes and three of the crowd of locals who confronted them. The incident was unusual among massacres in the Tithe War in that the majority of casualties were supporters rather than opponents of tithes.[4][5]

Relief on the base of the memorial cross at the site of the incident.

Background

In Ireland from 1830, beginning in Kilkenny, Roman Catholic tenant farmers began withholding the tithes they were obliged to pay to the vicar of the local Church of Ireland parish.[3] Dr. Hans Hamilton was rector of Knocktopher, a union of five parishes: Knocktopher, Aghaviller, Kilmagany, Dunnamaggin, and Derrynahinch.[5][6] and in January 1831 he refused the request of a delegation of tenants to reduce their tithe rate.[3] In March Hamilton began legal proceedings to enforce collection, and in November the Dublin Castle administration issued tithe processes relating to the defaulters. Hamilton's land agent, James Bunbury, employed Edmund Butler, a local butcher, to serve these processes to the tenants.[5] The local resident magistrate, Joseph Green, authorised a Constabulary escort.

On 12 December Butler set out, protected by 38 constables under the command of a sub-inspector, Captain James Gibbons, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars.[3] Although the notices were delivered peacefully for two days, a group of locals gathered on the evening of 13 December.[3] Lahert states the locals had been exasperated by insulting behaviour from Butler.[5] A man wearing a sash warned the collectors that trouble would ensue if they returned the following day.[3] This man was later reputed to be William Keane, a hedge schoolmaster and veteran of the 1798 Wexford Rebellion who had arrived in nearby Ballyhale in 1830.[7]

Affray

On 14 December, Butler's party was followed through the morning by bands of locals in paramilitary formation, summoned by blowing of horns and ringing of bells in the local Catholic chapels.[3] (The ropes of the bells were outdoors and might be rung be anyone; Joseph Green was confident that priests had not colluded in the organisation.[8]) About midday they were on the way from Ballyhale to Hugginstown when they were confronted in a boreen (narrow lane) in the townland of Carrickshock Commons,[9] near the hamlet of Carrickshock in the neighbouring townland of Ballygeardra. The lane was flanked by high stone walls, and one or two thousand locals barred the route and surrounded Butler's group, shouting "We'll have Butler or blood!"[9] A youth ran into the party and grabbed Butler, who was pulled back by a constable.[5][9] The youth was bayonetted by two constables and shot by Gibbons.[5] Butler was struck on the head by a stone hurled from the crowd.[9] Captain Gibbons ordered his men to open fire; they got off 20 rounds but could not reload in the confined space.[5] The crowd began hurling rocks from the walls onto the party.[9] Within five or ten minutes the affray was over; Butler, Gibbons, and 11 constables had been killed or mortally wounded, and 14 constables severely injured, by blows from rocks, mallets and hurleys and stab wounds from pikes and scythes.[5][9] Three locals were killed and an unknown number injured.[9] Though not named in contemporary sources, since 1907 the names of the three dead have been given as James Treacy (the bayonetted youth) of Kilcurl, Patrick Power Kilcurl, and Thomas Phelan Kilkeasy.[10]

Arrests and trials

William Keane was never apprehended and was rumoured to have fled to America.[11] Eleven men were sent to trial for murder at the Kilkenny assizes in 1832.[12]

At the spring assizes in March, John Kennedy was acquitted. He was defended by Daniel O'Connell, who argued that an impartial jury was impossible, and that a ballad praising the Carrickshock 'murderers' was prejudicial.[11] Trial of the remaining suspects was postponed to the summer assizes in July.[11]

A crowd of up to 200,000 from surrounding counties gathered at an anti-tithe meeting at Ballyhale in July 1832, in part to intimidate jurors at the murder trial.[13] John Ryan was discharged after two trials with hung jury, and William Voss was acquitted.[11][12] Charges were dropped for the remaining suspects: Thomas Ryan, Patrick Carty, John Daly, Richard Grennan, Patrick Dwyer, Edmond Duggan, William Walsh, and Thomas Egan.[12][14]

Aftermath

Hamilton left his parish the night after the riot and emigrated to England, where he died eight years later.[15] The Church of Ireland bishops decided to suspend collection of tithes pending discussion by Parliament of the security situation.[3] Collection resumed in April 1833,[3] but the Tithe War lasted till 1838.

Of the 38 constables, 24 were Protestants, of whom 9 were killed and 11 wounded, while of the 14 Catholics only 2 were killed and 4 wounded.[16] Colonel Sir John Harvey stated that, though he felt this discrepancy was accidental and not sectarian in cause, it had created tension between Catholic and Protestant members of the Constabulary.[17]

Remembrance

"Carrickshock!" was a slogan used in subsequent decades by nationalist crowds confronting the Constabulary (from 1867 the Royal Irish Constabulary or RIC) and other agents of the state. Gary Owens notes six commemorative poems and ballads, four in English and two in Irish, published in the following years.[18] The Irish Folklore Commission collected numerous legends relating to the incident. The incident features in the novels The Tithe Proctor (1849) by William Carleton and Ulick Grace, or, A Tale of the Tithes (1880) by John Locke.[19]

The 1925 committee involved in the construction a memorial to the Carrickshock incident

The incident has remained important in the local nationalist historical narrative.[20] On 8 March 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, an Irish Republican Army assault on the RIC barracks at Hugginstown began with a muster at the Carrickshock site, chosen not for tactical but for symbolic value.[21] In July 1925, a celtic cross memorial to the three locals killed was erected at the site of the incident.[1][22][23] In 1928, the GAA clubs of Hugginstown and Knockmoylan merged to a new club with the name Carrickshock.

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References
  • Owens, Gary (2004). "The Carrickshock Incident, 1831: Social Memory and an Irish cause célèbre" (PDF). Cultural and Social History (1): 36–64. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  • Lahert, Richard (Spring 1994). "An maor agus an meirleach (The mayor and the outlaw): A postscript to the Carrickshock affray, 1831" (PDF). Decies. Old Waterford Society (49): 45–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013.
  • O'Hanrahan, Michael (1990). "The Tithe War in County Kilkenny". In Nolan and Whelan (ed.). Kilkenny History and Society. Dublin: Geography Publications. pp. 498–9.
  • Select Committee on Tithes in Ireland (18 February 1832). First report. Sessional papers 1831–2. 21. HMSO. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  1. "52.499267,-7.239417". Google Street View. Google Maps. April 2009. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  2. "Local news". Kilkenny People. 2 August 2006. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2012. Hatchet was a Protestant R.I.C. man attached to Piltown station. At the Battle of Carrickshock, near the village of Hugginstown, in December 1831 during the Tithe War, he sustained a broken jaw when a peasant drove a pitchfork into his cheek.
  3. Richard Barry O'Brien, ed. (1905). "The Tithe War". Ireland. The Children's Study (3rd ed.). T. Fisher Unwin. pp. 277–285.
  4. Owens 2004, p.38
  5. Lahert 1994, p.46
  6. First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, q.653
  7. Lahert 1994, pp.45,47
  8. First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, q.397–8; q.422
  9. Owens 2004, p.37
  10. Owens 2004, p.54
  11. Lahert 1994, p.53
  12. "A RETURN of the Persons Tried and Acquitted within the last Twelve Months, viz. Lent and Summer Assizes 1832, held in and for the County of Kilkenny, distinguishing the Nature of each Offence.". Return of Number of Persons tried, found Guilty or acquitted, in Counties of Kilkenny, Mayo and Queen's. Sessional papers. 29. HMSO. 12 March 1833. p. 2.
  13. Owens 2004, pp.42–3
  14. A report of the trials of John Kennedy, John Ryan, and William Voss : for the murder of Edmund Butler, at Carrickshock, on the 14th December, 1831. Dublin: R. Milliken. 1832. OCLC 34628724.
  15. Higgins-McHugh, Noreen (15 September 2011). "4: The 1830s Tithe Riots". In William Sheehan and Maura Cronin (ed.). Riotous Assemblies: Rebels, Riots & Revolts in Ireland. Mercier Press Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 9781856356534. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
  16. First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, q.495
  17. First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, qq.44–50
  18. Owens 2004, pp.39–42
  19. Owens 2004, pp.50–1
  20. Owens 2004, passim
  21. Owens 2004, p.48
  22. "Carrickshock Cross – Co Waterford". Waymarking. Retrieved 11 November 2012.
  23. Owens 2004, pp.58–9
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