Carl Stokes
Carl Burton Stokes (June 21, 1927 – April 3, 1996) was an American politician and diplomat of the Democratic party who served as the 51st mayor of Cleveland, Ohio. Elected on November 7, 1967, and taking office on January 1, 1968, he was the first black elected mayor of a major U.S. city.[lower-alpha 1]
Carl Stokes | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Ambassador to Seychelles | |
| In office September 7, 1994 – May 12, 1995 | |
| President | Bill Clinton |
| Preceded by | F. Stephen Malott |
| Succeeded by | Brent E. Blaschke |
| 51st Mayor of Cleveland | |
| In office November 13, 1967 – November 8, 1971 | |
| Preceded by | Ralph S. Locher |
| Succeeded by | Ralph Perk |
| Member of the Ohio House of Representatives from the 44th district | |
| In office January 7, 1963 – January 5, 1968 | |
| Preceded by | Inaugural holder |
| Succeeded by | Phillip DeLaine |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Carl Burton Stokes June 21, 1927 Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Died | April 3, 1996 (aged 68) Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Cancer |
| Resting place | Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) |
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| Children | 5 |
| Parents | Charles Stokes Louise Stone |
| Relatives | Louis Stokes (Brother) |
| Alma mater | University of Minnesota Cleveland–Marshall College of Law |
| Occupation | Politician Attorney |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | .svg.png){kind=small} |
| Branch/service |  |
| Years of service | 1945–1946 |
| Rank | Private |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards |  |
Early life
Stokes was born in Cleveland, the son of Louise (Stone) and Charles Stokes, a laundryman who died when Carl was three years old.[1] He and his brother, politician Louis Stokes,[2] were raised by their mother in Cleveland's first federally funded housing project for the poor, Outhwaite Homes. Although a good student, Stokes dropped out of high school in 1944, worked briefly at Thompson Products (later TRW), then joined the U.S. Army at age 18. After his discharge in 1946, Stokes returned to Cleveland and earned his high school diploma in 1947.
He then attended several colleges before earning his bachelor's degree from the University of Minnesota in 1954. He graduated from Cleveland-Marshall College of Law in 1956 and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1957. While studying law he was a probation officer. For four years, he served as assistant prosecutor and became partner in the law firm of Stokes, Stokes, continuing that practice into his political career; it was successful after one year.
Career
Elected to the Ohio House of Representatives in 1962, Stokes served three terms. Stokes worked hard to even out legislative districts. Then, Ohio had uneven representation among its Congressional and General Assembly districts. By the late 1960s, he was able to carve out a district that could elect him to Congress, but deferred to his brother Louis Stokes who represented Cleveland in the US House of Representatives for three decades. Stokes narrowly lost a bid for mayor of Cleveland in 1965. His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States.[3]
Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin.[4] At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population.[5][6] A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company and wanted Stokes to rein in the City's Municipal Electric and Light Plant. Stokes tried to rein in the city's municipal utility but was thwarted by city councilmen whose wards took advantage of the cheaper product.
After his election, Stokes said, "I can find no more fitting way to end this appeal, by saying to all of you, in a more serious and in the most meaningful way that I can, that truly never before have I ever known to the extent that I know tonight, the full meaning of the words, 'God Bless America', thanks a lot."[3]
As mayor, Stokes opened city hall jobs to blacks and women. He was known as a strong administrator, and is remembered for his vision and motivation. Stokes feuded with City Council and the Police Department for most of his tenure. He also initiated Cleveland: Now!, a public and private funding program aimed at the revitalization of Cleveland neighborhoods. Stokes pulled through and was reelected in 1969. He also led the effort to restore Cleveland's Cuyahoga River in the aftermath of the river fire of June 1969 that brought national attention to the issue of industrial pollution in Cleveland.[7]
Stokes received the "NNPA Award," highest honor of the National Newspaper Publishers Association in 1971.[8]
After his mayoral administration, Stokes lectured to colleges around the country. In 1972, he became the first black anchorman in New York City when he took a job with television station WNBC-TV. While at WNBC New York, Stokes won a New York State Regional Emmy for excellence in craft, for a piece about the opening of the Paul Robeson play, starring James Earl Jones on Broadway. After accusing NBC of failing to promote him to a national brief, he returned to Cleveland in 1980 and began serving as general legal counsel for the United Auto Workers.
From 1983 to 1994, Stokes served as a municipal judge in Cleveland. President Bill Clinton then appointed him U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Seychelles. Stokes was awarded 12 honorary degrees, numerous civic awards, and represented the United States on numerous goodwill trips abroad by request of the White House. In 1970, the National League of Cities voted him its first black president-elect.
Stokes was diagnosed with cancer of the esophagus while serving as Ambassador to the Seychelles and placed on medical leave. He returned to Cleveland and died at the Cleveland Clinic. His funeral was held at Cleveland Music Hall, presided over by the Rev. Otis Moss. The funeral was carried on WERE radio. Stokes was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio.[9]
Legacy
The US Federal Courthouse Tower in downtown Cleveland, completed in 2002, was named the Carl B. Stokes Federal Court House Building. There are many other buildings, monuments and a street named for his memory within the City of Cleveland including the CMHA Carl Stokes Center, Stokes Boulevard, and the eponymous Carl Stokes Brigade club. Members of the Brigade celebrate his birthday every year at Lakeview Cemetery with gravesite services.
In November 2006, the Western Reserve Historical Society opened an exhibit entitled Carl and Louis Stokes: from Projects to Politics. Focusing on the brothers' early life at the Outhwaite projects, service in World War II, and eventual rise to politics, the exhibit ran until September 2008.
In Timothy Crouse's seminal non-fiction book The Boys on the Bus detailing the 1972 United States presidential election, Crouse reported that in a conversation with future The New York Times national correspondent Jim Naughton, Naughton said of Stokes:
″When I was in Cleveland and I was a young political reporter...there was a state representative named Carl Stokes who came along. Black. A man of immense charm. Seemed to me to represent what was right, what was the future. I thought he would make one helluva mayor. And my news stories may have reflected that, and I'm sure my columns did. And that may or may not have helped him get elected.
And as soon as he got elected, he turned around and shat on all the people who had worked their asses off for him. He was just a bastard. He had terminal ego. And that convinced me you should never place your trust in a politician. And I think that was a very valuable object lesson.″ [10]
Notes
- Although Stokes was elected after Richard G. Hatcher of Gary, Indiana, Stokes took office first. Walter Washington was first black mayor of a major city (Washington, DC), but was appointed. Fellow Ohioan Robert C. Henry was the first black mayor of any U.S. city (Springfield, appointed 1966).
References
- http://ech.case.edu/cgi/article.pl?id=SL6
- http://www.clevelandseniors.com/people/louis-stokes.htm
- "1967 Year In Review, UPI.com"
- Nishani, Frazier (2017). Harambee City : the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 137–160. ISBN 9781610756013. OCLC 973832475.
- http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1996-04-03/news/9604040041_1_carl-b-stokes-rep-louis-stokes-ralph-locher
- http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:hc119:
- "Carl B. Stokes and the 1969 River Fire". National Park Service. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- "Mayor Stokes of Cleveland to Get Black Publishers' Highest Award". Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune. April 22, 1971.
- Vigil, Vicki Blum (2007). Cemeteries of Northeast Ohio: Stones, Symbols & Stories. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59851-025-6
- Chapter III: The Muskie Three and Other Campaign Reporters, The Boys on the Bus, Timothy Kraus
Further reading
- Moore, Leonard N. Carl B. Stokes and the Rise of Black Political Power. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2003.
- Frazier, Nishani (2017). Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1682260186.
- Stradling, David, and Richard Stradling. Where the River Burned: Carl Stokes and the Struggle to Save Cleveland. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.
- Van Tassel, David D., and John J. Grabowski, eds. The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History, Cleveland Bicentennial Commission (Cleveland, Ohio).
External links
- Promises of Power: The Autobiography of Carl B. Stokes
- The Western Reserve Historical Society's website about the lives of Carl and Louis Stokes
- Carl Stokes's FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive
- Stokes: An American Dream on PBS's World channel
- Carl Stokes at Find a Grave
- Harambee City: Archival site incorporating documents, maps, audio/visual materials related to CORE's work in black power and black economic development.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Ralph S. Locher |
Mayor of Cleveland 1968–1971 |
Succeeded by Ralph J. Perk |
| Diplomatic posts | ||
| Preceded by F. Stephen Malott |
United States Ambassador to Seychelles 1994–1995 |
Succeeded by Brent E. Blaschke (Chargé d'affaires) |
Authority control  |
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