Carl Gershman

Carl Gershman (born July 20, 1943)[1] is an American civil servant who has served as the President of the National Endowment for Democracy since its founding in 1984.[2] Gershman previously served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council during the first term of the Reagan Administration.[2]

Carl Gershman
President of the National Endowment for Democracy
Assumed office
1984
Personal details
BornJuly 20, 1943 (age 76)
New York City, U.S.
Alma materYale University (B.A.)
Harvard Graduate School of Education (M.Ed.)

Gershman was the Executive Director of the Social Democrats, USA from 1975 to 1980, having previously been an officer of the Young People's Socialist League.[1] From 1965 to 1967, he served in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with Volunteers in Service to America (now AmeriCorps VISTA).[1][3] He is currently a Senior Fellow at the Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights.

Early life

On July 20, 1943, Carl Gershman was born in New York City. In 1961, he graduated magna cum laude from Horace Mann Preparatory School of Riverdale in The Bronx.[2][4] As an undergraduate at Yale University, he was active in the Yale Civil Rights Council,[4] and volunteered in Mississippi and Alabama.[5] In 1965 he graduated magna cum laude from Yale, with a Bachelor of Arts degree,[2][4] and upon graduation was inducted into the honorary society Phi Beta Kappa.[1][4] From 1965 to 1967, he served in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with Volunteers in Service to America,[1][4] which was a domestic version of the Peace Corps.[3] In 1968 he graduated with a Master of Education from the Harvard Graduate School of Education.[2][4]

Career

Early years

In 1968, he worked in the research department of B'nai B'rith.[4] From 1969 to 1971, he was Research Director at the A. Philip Randolph Institute, where he assisted its director, Bayard Rustin.[4]

Youth Committee for Peace in the Middle East (1969-1974)

From 1969 to 1974, Gershman successively served as Director of Research, Co-Chairman, and Executive Director of the Youth Committee for Peace in the Middle East,[1] and edited its magazine Crossroads.[4]

In 1972 he served on the Governing Council of the American Jewish Committee.[4]

In 1972 he and Irving Howe edited a collection, Israel, the Arabs and the Middle East.[1][6] Gershman served on the Editorial Board of Dissent,[4] which was edited by Howe.[6]

American social democracy: YPSL and SDUSA (1974-1980)
See also: Social Democrats, USA; Young People's Socialist League (1907); Socialist Party of America; and Social democracy

In a 2006 interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Gershman said, "I have to confess that, in my early youth, I was a kind of a social democrat of sorts; I'm now really a democrat; I'm non-partisan."[5] From 1970–1974, Carl Gershman was a national leader of the Young People's Socialist League (YPSL), the youth section of the Socialist Party of America; he served as Vice Chairman, Co-Chairman, and then Chairman of YPSL.[1][4][7] Acting as YPSL's Vice Chairman at its 1972 December Conference, he wrote a thirteen-page, singly spaced, international-affairs document which called for the Cuba's Castro regime to stop funding guerrilla movements and also for its "loosening the bonds" of repression; it was approved and an alternative document calling for the United States to recognize Cuba's government was defeated.[7] YPSL criticized the "New Politics" led by George McGovern,[8] which had lost 49 of 50 states to Richard Nixon in the 1972 election.

At the Socialist Party USA Convention in December 1972, he introduced the international program, which was approved by a two to one vote; the losing alternative, proposed by Michael Harrington, called for an immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, while the majority resolution called for a negotiated peace settlement.[9][10] At this convention, the Socialist Party changed its name to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) by a vote of 73 to 34.[11] Harrington resigned from SDUSA and founded the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (DSOC) in 1973. In 1975, Gershman published a monograph on the foreign policy of the American labor movement.[2][12]

Gershman became a leader of SDUSA. From 1975 to January 1980, Gershman served as the Executive Director of SDUSA.[1] In 1980, he debated Michael Harrington on the topic of foreign policy.[13]

United Nations Committee on Human Rights (1981-1984)

Gershman served as the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council during the first term of the Reagan Administration.[2][14][15]

National Endowment for Democracy (1984-present)

Carl Gershman has served as the President of the National Endowment for Democracy since 1984.[2] In a 2006 interview with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Gershman said

"I'm non-partisan; I try to bring Democrats and Republicans together in the United States, which is not that easy because we're very divided politically, today. And also, people from the business community and the trade union movement and intellectuals, and so forth, and try and bring people together around a common democratic faith and philosophy."[5]

In a 1982 speech at the Palace of Westminster, President Ronald Reagan proposed an initiative "to foster the infrastructure of democracy--the system of a free press, unions, political parties, universities." The U.S. government, through USAID (United States Agency for International Development), contracted The American Political Foundation to study democracy promotion, which became known as "The Democracy Program." The Program recommended the creation of a bipartisan, private, non-profit corporation to be known as the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). NED, though non-governmental, would be funded primarily through annual appropriations from the U.S. government and subject to congressional oversight.[16]

NED was established in 1983 by an act of Congress. The House Foreign Affairs Committee proposed legislation to provide initial funding of $31.3 million for NED as part of the State Department Authorization Act (H.R. 2915). Included in the legislation was $13.8 million for the Free Trade Union Institute, an affiliate of the AFL-CIO (much of which went to support the Polish labor union, Solidarity), $2.5 million for an affiliate of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and $5 million each for two party institutes. The conference report on H.R. 2915 was adopted by the House on November 17, 1983 and the Senate the following day. On November 18, 1983, articles of incorporation were filed in the District of Columbia to establish the National Endowment for Democracy as a nonprofit organization.[16]

NED is structured to act as a grant-making foundation, distributing funds to private non-governmental organizations for the purpose of promoting democracy abroad. Approximately half of NED's funding is allocated annually to four main U.S. organizations: the American Center for International Labor Solidarity (ACILS), the Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE), the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI), and the International Republican Institute (IRI). The other half of NED's funding is awarded annually to hundreds of non-governmental organizations based abroad which apply for support.[17]

Publications
  • Gershman, Carl (December 1975), The foreign policy of American labor, SAGE policy papers, 3, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. (Washington Papers 29), SAGE Publications, pp. 1–82, ISBN 978-0-8039-0572-6CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (1978), Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, SD Papers, 1, discussions also by Sidney Hook, Bayard Rustin, and Penn Kemble, New York: Social Democrats, USA, pp. 7–9, Selected Reprints from Commentary (April 1978) pp. 29–71CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rustin, Bayard; Gershman, Carl (1978). Africa, Soviet imperialism and the retreat of American power. SD papers. 2. New York: Social Democrats, USA.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (May 1978). "After the dominoes fell". Commentary. SD papers. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 3: 89–93.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (1978). The world according to Andrew Young. SD papers. 4. New York: Social Democrats, USA. Reprinted from Commentary (August 1978).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (1979). Selling them the rope: Business and the Soviets. SD papers. 6. New York: Social Democrats, USA. Reprinted from Commentary (April 1979).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer). 18 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1007/BF02694835. ISSN 0147-2011.
  • Gershman, Carl (1993), "The polity: Commentary", in Freedman, Rita (ed.), Does America need a social democratic movement?, Following commentary by Jim Chapin (pp. 86–89) on panel presentations by Seymour Martin Lipset (pp. 71–75), Will Marshall (pp. 76–81), and Fred Siegel (pp. 81–86), chaired by Ronald Radosh (p. 85), Washington, DC: Social Democrats, USA, pp. 89–93, Gershman discusses American social democracy as a form of radical-democratic Americanism, which has been properly inspired more by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Woodrow Wilson than by Karl Marx and Eduard Bernstein.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (December 12, 2003), A democracy strategy for the Middle East, National Endowment for DemocracyCS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando (January 2009). "Ferment in civil society (Can Cuba change?)" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 20 (1): 36–54. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0051. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gershman, Carl (August 29, 2011), Remarks by Carl Gershman at a photo exhibition commemorating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity (The phenomenon of Solidarity: Pictures from the history of Poland, 1980-1981; Woodrow Wilson Center), Washington D.C.: National Endowment for DemocracyCS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Awards
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See also

Notes
  1. Reed (1999, p. 2):

    Reed, Dale (1999), Register of the Carl Gershman Papers (PDF), Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011, retrieved August 13, 2011

  2. "Meet Our President". National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
  3. "President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society ... included a domestic equivalent of the Peace Corps called Volunteers in Service to America, or VISTA." (Neuman 2009, p. 3): Neuman, Scott (April 21, 2009), National Service Act continues U.S. tradition (PDF), National Public Radio (NPR.org), archived from the original (PDF) on March 30, 2012CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  4. Conference on World Affairs, University of Colorado (March 29 – April 2, 1971), Who is who: 24th annual Conference on World Affairs (PDF), Boulder, Colorado: Prosopography Archive, Conference on World Affairs Archives at Norlin Library, University of Colorado, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011, retrieved August 19, 2011CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  5. McKew, Maxine (August 20, 2006), Carl Gershman: America's democrat, Sunday Profiles, Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), retrieved August 13, 2011CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  6. Lipset, Seymour Martin (Winter 1999). "Out of the Alcoves". The Wilson Quarterly. 1976–. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 23 (1): 84–90. JSTOR 40259851.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  7. Johnston, Laurie (December 28, 1972). "Young Socialists defeat motion favoring recognition of Cuba". New York Times. p. 15. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Alt URL
  8. Anonymous (December 27, 1972). "Young Socialists open parley; to weigh 'New Politics' split". New York Times. p. 25. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Alt URL
  9. Anonymous (January 1, 1973). "'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here". New York Times. p. 11. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Alt URL
  10. Social Democrats, USA (December 1972) [copyright 1973]. The American challenge: A social-democratic program for the seventies. New York: S.D. U.S.A. and YPSL.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) "The following program was adopted at the Social Democrats, U.S.A. and Young People's Socialist League conventions at the end of December, 1972."
  11. Anonymous (December 31, 1972). "Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A." New York Times. p. 36. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2010.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Alt URL
  12. Gershman, Carl (December 1975), The foreign policy of American labor, SAGE policy papers, 3, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University, Washington D.C. (Washington Papers 29), SAGE Publications, pp. 1–82, ISBN 978-0-8039-0572-6
    • Gershman, Carl (November 3, 1980). "Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer). 18 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1007/BF02694835. ISSN 0147-2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
    • Harrington, Michael (November 3, 1980). "Nuclear threat (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan)". Society. New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer). 18 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1007/BF02694836. ISSN 0147-2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  14. Nossiter, Bernard D. (March 3, 1981), "New team at U.N.: Common roots and philosophies", The New York Times (Late City final ed.), section A, p. 2, col. 3
  15. "A 1987 article in The New Republic described these developments as a Trotskyist takeover of the Reagan administration" wrote Lipset (1988, p. 34).
  16. "History". National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on April 26, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  17. "Grants". National Endowment for Democracy. Archived from the original on November 14, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
  18. Lin, Sean (December 11, 2019). "Human rights committee act passes". Taipei Times. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
  19. Wang, Yang-yu; Matthew, Mazzett (December 10, 2019). "Bill passed to establish Human Rights Committee under Control Yuan". Central News Agency. Retrieved December 11, 2019.

References

External resources
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