Car Dyke

The Car Dyke was, and to a large extent still is, an 85-mile (137 km) long ditch which runs along the western edge of the Fens in eastern England. It is generally accepted as being of Roman age and, for many centuries, to have been taken as marking the western edge of the Fens. There, the consensus begins to break down.

A broad section of the Car Dyke in high summer

Likely purpose

In the eighteenth century, William Stukeley described it as a canal used for transporting goods and his idea is still promulgated: For example, excavations at Waterbeach in the 1990s by the archaeology unit of Cambridgeshire County Council found what were seen as the remains of a Roman-era boat and cargo of pottery from Horningsea.[1] This stretch has been protected as a scheduled ancient monument. Other archaeological investigations near Boston have given an indication of the dimensions: a navigable width of 12 metres (39 ft) and a depth of 2 metres (6.6 ft) were found during excavation.[2] Other excavations have found coal from the Midlands in use at a cluster of Roman-era coal-burning forges sited between Cambridge and The Wash and these provide evidence of trade and transport along the Car Dyke. Return cargoes were grain to supply the garrison at York, prepared for transport and storage by drying in coal kilns, and pottery.[3][4] At its northern end accounts of Roman Britain describe it as an extension of the Foss Dyke, an accepted transport route.[5][6] Near Morton, Lincolnshire, a boatload of dressed quarry stone, identified with the mediaeval period, has been discovered in the canal bed.[7]

In other parts, however, the topography suggests that its use as a canal was unlikely or at least difficult: the segment which ran, and to some extent still runs, through the Soke of Peterborough rises from the River Nene to a ridge at Eye then falls to the River Welland. This it does in steady gradients, quite unlike the characteristics of a canal designed for transport. Its course makes it clear that this outcome was carefully planned.[8] At some level sections in Lincolnshire it has causeways of never-disturbed ground crossing it and it passes in gradients, up and down the sides of slight ridges.[7] Given the length of the canal, however, modern surveyors suggest that the original engineers may not have been able to keep the canal at a constant level (due to surveying difficulties or lack of budget to excavate deeper). Natural barriers may therefore have been left in place to partition the canal into sections, maintaining the required depth of water, with goods transhipped or boats dragged across the barriers. They may also have been a deliberate precaution against the whole section drying out in summer.[7][9]

Upcast banks set well apart, as in this well-preserved section near Branston Booths, Lincolnshire, suggest a canal intended for navigation[6]

It acts as a catchwater drain in parts, intercepting runoff from the higher ground to the west:[10] evidence of seventeenth century improvements to form part of local drainage schemes has been identified, overlying material from the Roman period.[1] Conversely, the southern half of its passage through Lincolnshire and its northern end, near Washingborough, are accepted as having had a raised bank on each side; the one on the upland side would not be a feature well adapted to a catchwater drain.

It is possible to trace features which could be interpreted as boundaries all round The Fens which are either of Roman date or natural. In c.120 AD the Roman emperor Hadrian visited Britain and the sections dating from this period may be associated with his plan to settle the Fens.[10] The exception is in the south-east of the Fens where the landscape was manually strip mined for phosphate so destroying any evidence, before the days of detailed mapping and aerial photography. One conclusion, though given the conflicts in the surviving evidence one not reached by everyone, is that overall it was used primarily as a boundary, (as part of it in south Lincolnshire undoubtedly was in the medieval period) but that parts were adapted to serve also as a catchwater drain. Although possibly not originally intended as a means of transporting goods, archaeology has demonstrated that, in some parts at least, it was used by cargo-carrying vessels.

In his historical novel Imperial Governor, ISBN 0-432-14750-0, George Shipway maintains that Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, then governor of Britain, conceived draining the fens as a way of denying Icenian rebels a place to hide.

Car Dyke mosaic sign near Martin, Lincolnshire, showing a surveyor using a groma.

The section between the rivers Nene and Welland may be restored to navigation as a section of the new Fens Waterways Link for leisure craft. An engineering study has been made, but because of concerns for its historic status it is not the preferred route, with the Cat's Water Drain being the other considered option.[11][12]

gollark: My latest one, the electronic cactus.
gollark: ... probably not.
gollark: Say, two USB-C ports and maybe a USB-A one.
gollark: Also, in a thicker phone, what would be quite nice is more port selection.
gollark: On the plus side the PinePhone at least will let you swap the battery and probably screen, the Librem 5 has its cellular modem and WiFi card on separate, er, M.2 cards, and the PinePhone will apparently have some I2C pogo pins to allow, say, keyboard cases.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Car Dyke, Waterbeach Archived 12 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine Cambridgeshire Archaeology Unit, accessed 21 August 2006
  2. Bond, James (2007). "Canal construction, an introductory review". In Blair, John (ed.). Waterways and Canal Building in Medieval England. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-921715-1.
  3. Hatcher, John (1984). The History of the British coal industry. 1 (2002 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-19-828282-6.
  4. Forbes, R J (1966): Studies in Ancient Technology. Brill Academic Publishers, Boston, Mass. ISBN 90-04-00626-5.
  5. Roman Britain (2001). Southampton, England: Ordnance Survey. ISBN 0-319-29029-8
  6. Ransom, P J G (1979). The Archaeology of Canals. Tadworth, England: The Worlds Work. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-437-14400-3.
  7. Bond (2007: 167)
  8. Pryor, Arnold. The Car Dyke p.24 in Durobrivae A Review of Nene Valley Archaeology: 6. Nene Valley Research Committee. (1978) ISSN 0307-7756.
  9. Cook, Hadrian; Williamson, Tom (2001). Water Management in the English Landscape. Edinburgh University Press. p. 118. ISBN 1-85331-206-1.
  10. Bond (2007: 166)
  11. "Fens Waterways Link Supporting Report 1: Navigation" (PDF). Environment Agency. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2010. archive
  12. "Fens Waterways Link Supporting Report 3: Engineering" (PDF). Environment Agency. 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2008.

References
  • Phillips, C.W. ed. The Fenland in Roman Times Royal Geographical Society (1970)
  • Macaulay, S. & Reynolds, T. Excavation and Site Management at Cambridgeshire Car Dyke, Waterbeach (TL 495,645) in Fenland Research No 8 (1993) ISSN 0268-263X

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