Cap-independent translation element

In molecular biology, a cap-independent translation element (CITE or 3'CITE) is an RNA sequence found in the 3'UTR of many RNA plant viruses.

Eukaryotic mRNAs contain a 5' cap structure which is required for efficient binding of translation initiation factors. Many viral mRNAs lack the 5' cap, animal virus mRNAs often contain an internal ribosome entry site which functions in translation initiation. Many plant viral mRNAs contain a cap-independent translation element.[1] These elements mediate initiation of translation of the proteins encoded in the mRNA by either recruiting translation inititation factors or the 60S ribosomal subunit to the viral RNA.[2] In RNA2 of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) the cap-independent translation element is required for negative strand RNA synthesis.[3]

There are many different structural classes of cap-independent translation element, with no apparent structural or sequence similarity:[1][2]

StructureExample species
TED (translation enhancer domain)Satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV)
BTE (BYDV-like translation element)Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)
PTE (PMV-like translation element)Panicum mosaic virus (PMV)
TSS (T-shaped structure)Turnip crinkle virus (TCV)
Y-shapedTomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV)
I-shapedMaize necrotic streak virus (MNeSV)

See also
  • Luteovirus cap-independent translation element (BTE)

Further reading
  • Nicholson, BL; Zaslaver, O; Mayberry, LK; Browning, KS; White, KA (Feb 2013). "Tombusvirus Y-Shaped Translational Enhancer Forms a Complex with eIF4F and Can Be Functionally Replaced by Heterologous Translational Enhancers". Journal of Virology. 87 (3): 1872–1883. doi:10.1128/JVI.02711-12. PMC 3554133. PMID 23192876.

References
  1. Miller, WA; Wang, Z; Treder, K (Dec 2007). "The amazing diversity of cap-independent translation elements in the 3'-untranslated regions of plant viral RNAs". Biochemical Society Transactions. 35 (Pt 6): 1629–1633. doi:10.1042/BST0351629. PMC 3081161. PMID 18031280.
  2. Nicholson, BL; White, KA (Nov 2011). "3' Cap-independent translation enhancers of positive-strand RNA plant viruses". Current Opinion in Virology. 1 (5): 373–380. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.002. PMID 22440838.
  3. An, M; Iwakawa, HO; Mine, A; Kaido, M; Mise, K; Okuno, T (Sep 15, 2010). "A Y-shaped RNA structure in the 3' untranslated region together with the trans-activator and core promoter of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus RNA2 is required for its negative-strand RNA synthesis" (PDF). Virology. 405 (1): 100–109. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.022. PMID 20561661.
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