Candidatus Carsonella ruddii

Candidatus Carsonella ruddii is an obligate endosymbiotic Gamma Proteobacterium[1] with one of the smallest genomes of any characterised bacteria.[2]

Candidatus Carsonella ruddii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:
unclassified
Genus:
Candidatus Carsonella
Species:
Ca. C. ruddii
Binomial name
Candidatus Carsonella ruddii
Thao et al. 2000

Endosymbiosis

The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids.[3][4] The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.

C. ruddii is not completely parasitic in its relationship with its host insect; it supplies the host with some essential amino acids. It is therefore probably in the evolutionary process of becoming an organelle, similar to the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells that also evolved from an endosymbiont.[5]

Genome

In 2006 the genome of Ca. C. ruddii strain Pv (Carsonella-Pv) of the hackberry petiole gall psyllid, Pachypsylla venusta, was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. It was shown that the genome consists of a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and that it has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also the lowest on record (NCBI-Genome). In comparison, Mycoplasma genitalium, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 521 genes. Numerous genes considered essential for life seem to be missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status.[2]

At the time of its sequencing, C. ruddii was thought to have the smallest genome of any characterized bacterial species.[6] Nasuia deltocephalinicola is now considered to have the known smallest bacterial genome (112kb).[7]

C. ruddii and related species appear to be actively undergoing gene loss.[8]

gollark: Give or take some argument order things.
gollark: `bind` is `(a → m b) → (m a → m b)` if I remember right.
gollark: Yes, `map` is `(a → b) → (f a → f b)`.
gollark: Or `flat_map` sometimes.
gollark: Rust uses `and_then`, which is okay.

References
  1. Spaulding, A. W.; von Dohlen, C. D. (1998). "Phylogenetic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 (11): 1506–1513. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025878. PMID 12572614.
  2. Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, Ishikawa H, Dunbar H, Moran N, Hattori M (2006). "The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella". Science. 314 (5797): 267. doi:10.1126/science.1134196. PMID 17038615.
  3. Thao, M.L. (2000). "Cospeciation of Psyllids and Their Primary Prokaryotic Endosymbionts". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66 (7): 2898–2905. doi:10.1128/aem.66.7.2898-2905.2000. PMC 92089. PMID 10877784.
  4. Thao, M.L. (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of vertically transmitted psyllid endosymbionts (Candidatus Carsonella ruddii) based on atpAGD and rpoC: comparisons with 16S-23S rDNA-derived phylogeny". Current Microbiology. 42 (6): 419–21. doi:10.1007/s002840010240. PMID 11381334.
  5. Tortora(1), Funke(2), Case(3), Gerard J(1), Berdell R(2), Christine L(3) (2016). Microbiology: An Introduction (12th Edition). USA: Pearson. p. 315. ISBN 978-0321929150.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. Moran, Nancy A.; Bennett, Gordon M. (8 September 2014). "The Tiniest Tiny Genomes". Annual Review of Microbiology. 68 (1): 195–215. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-091213-112901. PMID 24995872.
  7. Bennett, G. M.; Moran, N. A. (5 August 2013). "Small, Smaller, Smallest: The Origins and Evolution of Ancient Dual Symbioses in a Phloem-Feeding Insect". Genome Biology and Evolution. 5 (9): 1675–1688. doi:10.1093/gbe/evt118. PMC 3787670. PMID 23918810.
  8. Sloan, D. B.; Moran, N. A. (19 July 2012). "Genome Reduction and Co-evolution between the Primary and Secondary Bacterial Symbionts of Psyllids". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 29 (12): 3781–3792. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss180. PMC 3494270. PMID 22821013.
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