CD-class naval drifter

The CD-class naval drifters were armed naval drifters constructed in 1917 for the Royal Navy in Canada. 100 were ordered for use in British waters during World War I numbered from CD 1 to CD 100, of which 42 were transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy and 18 were transferred to the United States Navy. In British waters, they were used to patrol areas around Gibraltar and Bermuda. In Canadian waters, the Maritimes and in American waters, along the New England coast. Following the war, the drifters were either sold into mercantile service or scrapped. Some survived in British service to be used during World War II.

The Canadian naval drifter CD 27
Class overview
Name: CD class
Operators:
Built: 1917
Planned: 100
Completed: 100
General characteristics
Type: Naval drifter
Displacement: 99 long tons (101 t)
Length: 84 ft 0 in (25.6 m)
Beam: 19 ft 3 in (5.9 m)
Draught: 10 ft 0 in (3.0 m)
Speed: 9 knots (17 km/h)
Armament: 1 × QF 6-pounder (57 mm) gun

Background and description

In British waters, drifters were a type of fishing vessel with hauled drift nets. This was adapted by the Royal Navy for anti-submarine defence in approaches to harbours and ports by laying drift nets and snagging enemy submarines.[1] In January 1917 the Royal Navy ordered 100 drifters from Canadian shipyards as part of a building programme in Canada. However, the Canadian government would manage the programme for the Royal Navy. The Royal Canadian Navy did not have anyone qualified to run such a programme, so the Canadian government brought in the vice president of Canada Steamship Lines to manage it.[2][3]

The drifters, whose hulls were made of wood, were 84 feet 0 inches (25.6 m) long with a beam of 19 feet 3 inches (5.9 m) and a draught of 10 feet 0 inches (3.0 m). The CD class had a displacement of 99 long tons (101 t).[4][lower-alpha 1] The timber used in the drifters came from British Columbia.[5] The vessels were propelled by a 225-indicated-horsepower (168 kW) vertical compound steam engine fed steam by one single-ended boiler, turning one screw.[6] The drifters had a maximum speed of 9 knots (17 km/h). The ships were armed with one QF 6-pounder (57 mm) gun mounted forward.[2][4] The main differences between them and their British-built counterparts were electric lighting instead of acetylene gas, a steam windlass instead of a capstan and the gun was further forward.[2] The vessels had a standard ship's company of 23.[6] A complaint against the design was the lack of separate officers quarters. The drift nets provided for use in anti-submarine warfare were 120 by 20 yards (110 by 18 m) and required large wharf areas to perform repairs and maintenance.[7]

Ships in class
CD-class naval drifter
Name Builder[4] Completed Notes
CD 1 Davie Shipbuilding, Lauzon, Quebec 4 September 1917 Renamed Ebbtide in November 1924, sold 1946.[8][9]
CD 2 16 October 1917 Renamed Westby in 1922.[10]
CD 3 29 September 1917 Renamed Corcovado in 1921.[11]
CD 4 3 October 1917[12]
CD 5 11 October 1917[13]
CD 6 8 October 1917 Renamed Bay Queen in 1921.[14]
CD 7 15 October 1917 Renamed Utterby in 1922.[15]
CD 8 16 October 1917[16]
CD 9 17 October 1917[17]
CD 10 20 October 1917 Broken up in 1922.[18]
CD 11 22 October 1917 In 1922, the vessel was renamed Rauceby. In 1925, the drifter was renamed Pointoise.[19]
CD 12 23 October 1917[20]
CD 13 29 October 1917 Renamed Ewerby in 1923 and Locqueltas in 1925.[21]
CD 14 30 October 1917 Renamed Gilby in 1922.[22]
CD 15 31 October 1917 Renamed Bretonia in 1922.[23]
CD 16 31 October 1917[24]
CD 17 8 November 1917 Renamed Stansgate in 1925.[25]
CD 18 7 November 1917 Broken up in 1922.[26]
CD 19 10 November 1917 Broken up in 1922.[27]
CD 20 10 November 1917 In 1918, the vessel was renamed Guelph. Sold in 1921.[28][8][lower-alpha 2]
CD 21 6 September 1917 Broken up 1922.[29]
CD 22 12 November 1917 Renamed Gunby in 1922.[30]
CD 23 14 November 1917 Renamed Blairmore I in 1924.[31]
CD 24 17 November 1917 Renamed Daron in 1924 and broken up the same year.[32]
CD 25 17 November 1917 Renamed Fenby in 1923.[33]
CD 26 19 November 1917 Renamed Moon in 1924. Foundered in 1927.[34]
CD 27 19 November 1917 Renamed Wop in 1921.[35]
CD 28 21 November 1917 Renamed Graby in 1922 and Massabielle in 1923.[36]
CD 29 21 November 1917[37]
CD 30 14 July 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 31 14 July 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Araby in 1923.[6]
CD 32
CD 33
CD 34
CD 35
CD 36 14 July 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Margaret Mac in 1920.[6]
CD 37
CD 38
CD 39
CD 40
CD 41 14 July 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 42
CD 43 Sold in 1920 and wrecked in 1921.[8]
CD 44
CD 45
CD 46 14 July 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 47
CD 48
CD 49
CD 50 14 July 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919. The drifter became the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries vessel No. 21. [6]
CD 51 Government Shipyards, Sorel, Quebec
CD 52
CD 53 12 November 1917 Renamed Karrier in 1922.[38]
CD 54 Sorel Shipbuilding, Sorel, Quebec Sunk in 1920 during passage to the United Kingdom.[8]
CD 55
CD 56
CD 57 Sunk in 1920.[8]
CD 58 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Mary Curie in 1920.[6]
CD 59 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Two Roses in 1920.[6]
CD 60 H.H. Sheppard & Sons, Sorel, Quebec
CD 61 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 62 LeClaire & Sons, Sorel, Quebec
CD 63
CD 64
CD 65 28 August 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Metak in 1920.[6]
CD 66
CD 67 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 68 H.H. Sheppard & Sons, Sorel, Quebec 12 November 1917[39]
CD 69 20 October 1917 Renamed Ewerby and then Aline in 1921. Broken up in 1929.[40]
CD 70
CD 71 Canadian Vickers, Montreal, Quebec 22 October 1917 Renamed Eventide in 1923. Broken up in 1926.[41]
CD 72 23 October 1917 Renamed Floodtide in 1923. Broken up in 1926.[42]
CD 73 5 November 1917 Renamed Clixby in 1923 and Foi in 1925.[43]
CD 74 17 October 1917 Renamed Seagull in 1921 and broken up the same year.[8][44]
CD 75 19 October 1917[45]
CD 76
CD 77
CD 78 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 79
CD 80
CD 81
CD 82 Renamed Onyx in 1919 and Jade in August 1943. The vessel foundered in 1947, was raised and scuttled in 1947.[8]
CD 83
CD 84
CD 85
CD 86 Sunk in 1920 while on passage to the United Kingdom.[8]
CD 87 10 November 1917 Foundered in the North Atlantic on 12 October 1920 while on passage to United Kingdom.[8][46]
CD 88 Sunk in 1920 while on passage to the United Kingdom.[8]
CD 89
CD 90
CD 91
CD 92
CD 93 Sunk on passage to the United Kingdom in 1920.[8]
CD 94 5 August 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]
CD 95
CD 96 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6][lower-alpha 3]
CD 97 Harbour Commissioners, Montreal, Quebec 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Grace Hankinson in 1920. On 25 January 1930, the vessel was lost.[6]
CD 98 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Pearl Cann in 1921.[6]
CD 99 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Mary Francis Whalen in 1920 and Donnelly in 1925.[6]
CD 100 14 October 1918 Transferred to United States Navy upon completion. Returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold. Renamed Arichat in 1921.[6]

Service history

The drifters, though constructed in Canada, belonged to the Admiralty and were intended for use in British waters during World War I. However, in February 1917, the Royal Canadian Navy was informed that the drifters were to be transferred to Canada as part of the Admiralty's promise to support Canada's coastal patrol. Canada had not been informed prior to this and had been sending crews to the United Kingdom in preparation for the vessels' arrival.[47] Canada did not want the drifters as they could neither catch nor kill a submarine nor did Canada have the manpower to crew the ships.[48] Further difficulties arose when more training would be required as the drifter-type fishing vessel was not used in Canadian waters, and there was a lack of knowledge of the technology in Canada. In response the head of the Canadian naval service, Rear Admiral Charles Kingsmill ordered the drifter equipment removed on Canadian vessels and the drifters rearmed as patrol boats.[1]

By October 1917, the Admiralty changed its position, requiring 50 drifters to be sent to British waters, with the remainder set aside for Canada. A further six were transferred from the Canadian allotment to the United States Navy as part of an exchange where two American torpedo boats and six submarine chasers patrolled off the Canadian Atlantic coast. Eventually, the British Admiralty settled on 42 drifters for Canadian service. Shortages of steel and marine fittings in Canadian yards led to delays. Further inexperience among Canadian builders in the construction of boilers and engines led to 42 of the former and 47 of the latter being built in the United States. Also affecting the construction was work stoppages and lack of workers after the American entry into the war as American shipbuilders began siphoning the work force with higher wages. After being completed the drifters being assembled in Quebec shipyards were sent to Quebec City to enter service and finish fitting out. The vessels began to arrive towards the end of 1917 with crews being sent from Halifax, Nova Scotia. 29 drifters entered service at Quebec City before the Saint Lawrence River froze over. The remaining drifters at Quebec City that had not finished fitting out were laid up through the winter months.[49] Three unfinished hulls were destroyed at Sorel on 19 June 1917.[4]

Some drifters were equipped with hydrophones and wireless telegraph to improve their anti-submarine detection abilities. However, their 6-pounder guns were deemed inadequate to take on German U-boats. Some drifters in Canadian service were manned by detachments from the Newfoundland section of the Royal Naval Reserve.Canadian drifters were employed at the harbours of Halifax and Sydney, Nova Scotia, usually in concert with naval trawlers either on minesweeping or patrol missions. They were also used as convoy escorts for convoys entering and departing the harbours. The drifters were employed as "scarecrows", intending to force U-boats to look for easier targets.[50] Though the vessels were poorly finished and the crews inexperienced, the drifters performed their task of deterring U-boats from convoy targets.[51] In Royal Navy service fourteen of them were sent to Gibraltar, six to Bermuda and five were sent to West Africa in 1918–1919.[4] In the end, 18 were transferred to the United States Navy, seeing service in the First Naval District.[6][52] The drifters were returned to Canada in mid-1919 and sold.[6]

After the war, the drifters in Canadian service were laid up in reserve at Halifax. On 5 November 1919 a storm struck Halifax Harbour in which 32 drifters were damaged. By 1920, most of the Canadian drifters had been sold, with the last four sold in 1921.[53] Some of the British drifters saw service during World War II.[4]

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See also

Notes
  1. Gardiner & Grayp.104 state the displacement as roughly 175 long tons (178 t), while Silverstonep.124 has the displacement at 150 long tons (150 t).
  2. College & Warlowp.127 have the vessel being renamed Guelph on 10 November 1917.
  3. Silverstonep.124 has the shipyard that constructed the vessel as the Harbour Commissioners of Montreal, Quebec .

Citations
  1. Johnston et al. 2010, p. 499.
  2. Johnston et al. 2010, p. 472.
  3. Gardiner & Gray 1986, p. 104.
  4. Macpherson & Barrie 2002, p. 26.
  5. Johnston et al. 2010, p. 680.
  6. Silverstone 2006, p. 124.
  7. Johnston et al. 2010, pp. 558, 680.
  8. Colledge & Warlow 2006, p. 127.
  9. "CD-1 (6106637)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  10. "CD-2 (6106638)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  11. "CD-3 (6106616)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  12. "CD-4 (6106633)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  13. "CD-5 (6106631)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  14. "CD-6 (6106609)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  15. "CD-7 (6106610)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  16. "CD-8 (6106611)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  17. "CD-9 (6106612)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  18. "CD-10 (6106613)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  19. "CD-11 (6106623)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  20. "CD-12 (6106615)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  21. "CD-13 (6106608)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  22. "CD-14 (6106617)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  23. "CD-15 (6106618)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  24. "CD-16 (6106619)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  25. "CD-17 (6106620)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  26. "CD-18 (6106621)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  27. "CD-19 (6106622)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  28. "CD-20 (6106642)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  29. "CD-21 (6106667)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  30. "CD-22 (6106639)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  31. "CD-23 (6106660)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  32. "CD-24 (6106661)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  33. "CD-25 (6106662)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  34. "CD-26 (6106663)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  35. "CD-27 (6106664)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  36. "CD-28 (6106674)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  37. "CD-29 (6106666)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  38. "CD-53 (6106658)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  39. "CD-68 (6106668)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  40. "CD-69 (6106669)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  41. "CD-71 (6106670)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  42. "CD-72 (6106671)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  43. "CD-73 (6106672)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  44. "CD-74 (6106673)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  45. "CD-75 (6106650)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  46. "CD-87 (6106648)". Miramar Ship Index. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
  47. Johnston et al. 2010, pp. 485, 488.
  48. Milner 2010, p. 80.
  49. Johnston et al. 2010, pp. 539, 556, 624, 686.
  50. Johnston et al. 2010, pp. 613, 619, 652, 727.
  51. Milner 2010, pp. 80–81.
  52. Johnston et al. 2010, p. 656.
  53. Johnston et al. 2010, pp. 851, 889.

References
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