Brown songlark

The brown songlark (Cincloramphus cruralis), also Australian songlark, is a small passerine bird found throughout much of Australia. A member of the family Locustellidae, this species is notable for sexual size dimorphism, among the most pronounced in any bird.[2] It is a moderate-sized bird of nondescript plumage; the female brownish above and paler below, the larger male a darker brown.

Brown songlark
male,
near Baradine, New South Wales

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Locustellidae
Genus: Cincloramphus
Species:
C. cruralis
Binomial name
Cincloramphus cruralis
Synonyms

Megalurus cruralis

Taxonomy

The brown songlark was described by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield as Megalurus cruralis in 1827.[3] John Gould placed it in the genus Cincloramphus in 1843, describing it as C. cantatoris.[4] However the specific name of the former authors took priority. Along with most Old World Warblers, this species was formerly placed in Sylviidae sensu lato, but molecular phylogenetic studies demonstrated that this broad grouping is not a cohesive evolutionary lineage and warbler species were assigned to various families.

An alternative generic name Cinclorhamphus is derived from Greek words cinclus/κιγκλος "wagtail" and ramphos/ραμφος "beak"[5]) and cruralis from the Latin root crur- "leg, shin".[6]

Description

Male brown songlarks are 23–25 cm long versus 18–19 cm for females, and may weigh 2.3 times as much.[7] In general, the birds have a dusky pale- streaked with darker brown plumage with and pale eyebrows. The underparts are brownish-white in the female, darker brown in the male. Breeding males may display a cinnamon-colour. Its eyes and bill are black, and legs grey. Juveniles are smaller and paler with pinkish-brown bills. The call has been described as loud and creaky.[8] The male is the principal singer, calling from perches or when rising above breeding territory.[9]

Distribution and habitat

The bird is found throughout all of Australia, except parts of the far north, and not in Tasmania. There are particularly dense populations in the southern parts of the country. It prefers open pastures and grassy scrub, and feeds on seeds and insects. The species is highly nomadic. Local numbers fluctuate depending on rainfall and the bird will often flee from drought affected areas.[9]

The brown songlark has a large range, between 1,000,000 and 10,000,000 kilometers²; while population size has not been quantified the bird is reported to be common. The IUCN thus lists it as a species of "least concern"[10] and it is considered "secure" by Australian authorities.

Reproduction

Nesting occurs from August to December. The nest itself is a deep cup of herbaceous material well concealed in shrubbery or tall grass. There is generally one clutch per breeding season, consisting of 2 to 5 pale pink eggs with reddish brown spots and flecks 23 mm x 17 mm in size.[11] Females provide most of the parenting. Foxes and snakes prey upon nests.[7]

Sexual dimorphism

The sexual dimorphism of the species has been the subject of study. Males are highly polygynous and compete directly for mates, giving rise to the pronounced size differential. Preferring open terrain, there is significant habitat heterogeneity (sameness) and excellent visibility across brown songlark territories. This allows males to defend large territories and support multiple nesting females.[7]

Research has shown an interesting corollary to the dimorphism of the species: though males are larger than females, females hatch from larger eggs and are initially heavier than their brothers. This may provide them an early competitive advantage. Particularly, in periods of low food availability, the greater nutrient reserves of female hatchlings may skew the sex-ratio toward "cheaper" daughters. Three weeks after hatching, male chicks are significantly heavier than the females. After ten days, the male chicks are almost 50% heavier than their sisters. This is due to the male nestlings receiving a higher quantity and quality of prey from their parents. The males receive more spiders than their sisters, providing them with certain amino acids that are essential for their growth and development. The females receive more grasshoppers than spiders, which contain chitin (the indigestible carbohydrate of the exoskeleton). Studies have shown that when raising all male chicks, the females energy expenditure increases by 27%. The favouritism shown to the male chicks is due to the importance of body size in males in regard to reproductive success, ensuring the parents genes are well represented in future generations.[2]

gollark: Not *always*.
gollark: There were also fewer of them working on problems like this than we have now, and they may have missed retrospectively-obvious things.
gollark: Tradition is *a* reason to think something might be better, but a fairly weak one, since the people of the past had rather different values, and not tools like computer simulations or more recent mathematical analyses of voting systems.
gollark: Also, yes, the context is quite different so reasons from then may not apply.
gollark: It's also possible that more complex systems may have been impractical before computers came along, although that doesn't apply to, say, approval voting.

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Cincloramphus cruralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Magrath, Michael J. L.; Brouwer, Lyanne; Komdeur, Jan (August 2003). "Egg size and laying order in relation to offspring sex in the extreme sexually size dimorphic brown songlark". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 54 (3): 240–248. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0627-y.
  3. Vigors, N.A. & Horsfield, T. (1827). "A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities". Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 15: 170–331 [228]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x.
  4. Gould, J. (1843). In Proceedings of meeting of Zoological Society of London, Oct. 11, 1842.: 131-140 [135]
  5. Liddell & Scott (1980). Greek-English Lexicon, Abridged Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
  6. Simpson, D.P. (1979). Cassell's Latin Dictionary (5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. ISBN 0-304-52257-0.
  7. Magrath, Michael J. L.; Brouwer, Lyanne; Van Peterson, Arnoud; Berg, Mathew L.; Komdeur, Jan (2003). "Breeding behaviour and ecology of the sexually size-dimorphic brown songlark, Cinclorhamphus cruralis". Australian Journal of Zoology. 51 (5): 429–441. doi:10.1071/ZO03034. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  8. Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P (1993). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Ringwood, Victoria: Viking O'Neil. p. 392. ISBN 0-670-90478-3.
  9. "Brown Songlark". Birds in Backyards. Australian Museum. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  10. BirdLife International (2004). "Cincloramphus cruralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 1 June 2007.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) .
  11. Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. pp. 397–398. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.

11. Goodenough, J. McGuire, B. Jakob, E. (2009)Perspectives on animal behaviour (3rd edition). United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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