Bridgeoporus

Bridgeoporus is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. A monotypic genus, it contains the single polypore species Bridgeoporus nobilissimus, first described to science in 1949. Commonly known both as the noble polypore and the fuzzy Sandozi, this fungus produces large fruit bodies (or conks) that have been found to weigh up to 130 kilograms (290 lb). The upper surface of the fruit body has a fuzzy or fibrous texture that often supports the growth of algae, bryophytes, or vascular plants.

Bridgeoporus
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Polyporales
Family:	Polyporaceae
Genus:	Bridgeoporus T.J.Volk, Burds. & Ammirati (1996)
Species:	B. nobilissimus
Binomial name
Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (W.B.Cooke) T.J.Volk, Burds. & Ammirati (1996)
Synonyms[1]
Oxyporus nobilissimus W.B.Cooke (1949) Fomes nobilissimus (W.B.Cooke) J.Lowe (1955)

This species is found in the Pacific Northwest region of North America where it grows on large (at least 1 m diameter) specimens of noble fir (Abies procera), Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), or western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla). Bridgeoporus nobilissimus causes a brown rot in its tree hosts. Genetic analysis shows that the fungus is more prevalent than fruit body distribution indicates.

Taxonomy

Bridgeoporus nobilissimus was named for William Bridge Cooke, who originally described the species as Oxyporus nobilissimus in 1949. The fungus was discovered in Clackamas County, Oregon, in 1943 by brothers Ali and Fred Sandoz. Foresters called the species Fomes fuzzii-sandozii, referring to the collectors and the fuzzy surface texture of the conk. Several collections were made in Oregon and Washington in subsequent years. A large specimen was collected in Lewis County, Washington in 1946 that weighed about 300 pounds (140 kg) and measured 56 inches (140 cm) by 37 inches (94 cm). Cooke learned of the fungus in 1948 while visiting Daniel Elliot Stuntz, who kept one of the large fruit bodies that he and Alexander H. Smith had previously collected in Mount Rainier National Park. This fruit body served as the type collection.[2]

Species of genus Oxyporus cause white rot in their host trees. Cooke placed the fungus in this genus by despite not knowing definitively what type of rot it caused; he considered it to be closely related to Oxyporus populinus.[2] In 1955, polypore specialist Josiah Lincoln Lowe transferred O. nobilissimus to Fomes,[3] before the concept of this genus was narrowed. In 1996 the new genus Bridgeoporus was circumscribed by Harold Burdsall, Tom Volk and Joseph Ammirati to accommodate this species, in order to rectify incompatibilities with placements in Fomes and Oxyporus. In particular, genus Oxyporus features true cystidia arising from the subhymenium (the supportive hyphae underlying the hymenium), whereas B. nobilissimus has pseudocystidia (sterile structures arising deep in the subhymenium and protruding into the hymenium).[4]

Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial small-subunit rDNA sequences suggests that B. nobilissimus, which belongs in the hymenochaetoid clade, is closely related to the genera Oxyporus and Schizopora.[5] The hymenochaetoid clade includes wood-decaying species previously classified variously in the families Corticiaceae, Polyporaceae and Stereaceae.[6]

Description

Closeup of "fuzzy" conk surface

Bridgeoporus nobilissimus has perennial, imbricate, sessile fruit bodies that measure 30–140 cm (12–55 in) by 25–95 cm (9.8–37.4 in) by 30–100 cm (12–39 in).[5] From 1966 to 1990, this species was designated the largest pore fungus in the Guinness Book of World Records.[7] Three fruit body shapes are associated with the fungus, depending largely on the location of the fruiting on the host tree. Hoof-shaped and shelf-like conks are located on the sides of hosts; short, oblong-topped conks with tapering pore surfaces occur on the main roots of the host; and centrally substipitate (conical) conks are found on the tops of stumps.[5] The cap surface of young fruit bodies are covered with a dense mat of white mycelial fibers (up to several millimeters long) that in age darken in color and often become stuck together at their tips. Although the surface is typically brown or darker, it may appear green due to epiphytic associations with algae such as Coccomyxa or Charicium species.[5] Bryophytes or sometimes vascular plants grow on the upper surface of the conk. The texture of the fruit body is fibrous; it is rubbery and tough when fresh, but becomes hard and brittle when it is dry. The pores on the underside of the fruit body are round, approximately 2 per mm. The tubes comprising the pores becomes stratified, layering over each other with each successive year of growth. There is a 2–3 mm-thick layer of sterile tissue between pore layers, and mature tube layers are 2–7 mm long.[4]

Microscopically, B. nobilissimus is characterized by hyphae with a septum, pseudocystidia originating from the trama, closely appressed hyphae in bundles (fascicles) on the upper surface of the fruit body. The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are 12–18 by 4–10 µm in size, pear-shaped, and four-spored. The roughly ovoid Basidiospores are 5.5–6.5 by 3.5–4.5 µm, hyaline, smooth, and have thin walls.[4]

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies (also called conks) of Bridgeoporus are found singly or sometimes in overlapping layers on old trees (1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) diameter at breast height) of noble fir (Abies procera), and more rarely Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis) or western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla).[8] It has also been recorded growing on a snag of redwood.[9] Other tree species often found in B. nobilissimus habitats include Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and western hemlock. Common shrubs at these sites include salal (Gaultheria shallon), Sitka alder (Alnus sinuata), rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), and Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium ovalifolium).[10] The use of molecular genetic techniques has demonstrated that the fungus also lives in Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western redcedar, although its fruit bodies have not been seen on these hosts.[9]

The fungus has been found in the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon, the Coast Range on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, and in Redwood National Park in northern California.[9] Specimens have been found at elevations of 1,000–4,000 feet (300–1,220 m).[8] Because the fungus feeds on both dead and living wood,[10] it is both parasitic and saprophytic.[4] B. nobilissimus fruit bodies do not occur on fallen logs or other forms of dead wood lacking roots or some connection to a root system. Conks have been found growing on the still-living roots of an upturned, windthrown tree, while a once-living conk died within several years after the host tree was uprooted by a fallen tree.[11]

Conservation

Threats to Bridgeoporus nobilissimus include extirpation of known and unknown habitats by logging, fire, or other disturbances, and forestry practices that lead to the loss of large-diameter Abies procera and Abies amabilis trees and large-diameter stumps and snags in managed forests.[11] Due to the scarcity of its mature tree hosts, B. nobilissimus was listed in 1995 as an endangered species by the Oregon Natural Heritage Program, making it the first of the fungi to be listed as endangered by any private or public agency in the United States.[12][13] It is the sole fungus in category A of the survey and management guidelines for fungi under the Northwest Forest Plan, meaning pre-disturbance surveys and site management are needed before developing areas known to harbor the fungus.[14] There were 13 known sites with the fungus before 1998; extensive surveying in the Pacific Northwest increased this number to 103 sites by 2006.[15] Although it is infrequently observed, the fungus is more abundant than fruit body appearance indicates. Using genetic markers to detect the fungus mycelium in hosts, researchers found that B. nobilissimus was present at low to moderate levels and widespread in forest stands containing at least a single visible fruit body. It was detected in trees of all sizes, and in species not previously thought to harbor the fungus. B. nobilissimus may require decades of mycelial growth in its host before fruit body production is initiated. The fungus has not been successfully grown in vitro despite several attempts.[9]

See also

• Phellinus ellipsoideus – the current record holder for largest polypore fungus
• List of world's largest mushrooms and conks

References

1. "Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (W.B. Cooke) T.J. Volk, Burds. & Ammirati, Mycotaxon, 60: 390, 1996". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
2. Cooke WB (1949). "Oxyporus nobilissimus and the genus Oxyporus in North America". Mycologia. 41 (4): 442–455. doi:10.2307/3755238. JSTOR 3755238.
3. Lowe JL (1955). "Perennial polypores of North America III. Fomes with context white to rose". Mycologia. 47 (2): 213–224 (see p. 219). doi:10.2307/3755411. JSTOR 3755411.
4. Burdsall HH Jr, Volk TJ, Ammirati JF Jr (1996). "Bridgeoporus, a new genus to accommodate Oxyporus nobilissimus (Basidiomycotina, Polyporaceae)". Mycotaxon. 60: 387–395.
5. Redberg GL, Hibbett DS, Ammirati JF Jr, Rodriquez RJ (2003). "Phylogeny and genetic diversity of Bridgeoporus nobilissimus inferred using mitochondrial and nuclear rDNA sequences". Mycologia. 95 (5): 836–845. doi:10.2307/3762012. JSTOR 3762012.
6. Larsson KH, Parmasto E, Fischer M, Langer E, Nakasone KK, Redhead SA (2006). "Hymenochaetales: A molecular phylogeny for the hymenochaetoid clade". Mycologia. 98 (6): 926–936. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.926. PMID 17486969.
7. Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (1993). Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social Assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (Report). United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. p. 265.
8. Castellano MA, Smith JE, O'Dell T, Cazares E, Nugent S (1999). Handbook to Strategy I fungal species in the Pacific Northwest Forest plan. GTR-476 (Report). Portland: Pacific Northwest Research Station.
9. Gordon M, van Norman K (2015). "Bridgeoporus nobilissimus is much more abundant than indicated by the presence of basidiocarps in forest stands". North American Fungi. 10. ISSN 1937-786X. OCLC 717533256.
10. Fennell T, van Norman K (June 2008). Survey Protocol for Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (W.B. Cooke) Volk, Burdsall, & Ammirati. Version 3.0 (PDF) (Report). USDA Forest Service Region; USDI Bureau of Land Management.
11. Ledo D. (2007). Species Fact Sheet: Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (Report). Portland, Oregon: Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management.
12. Lizon P. (1995). "Preserving the biodiversity of fungi" (PDF). Inoculum. 46 (6): 1–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-12. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
13. "Bridgeoporus nobilissimus". Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month. June 1997. Retrieved 2015-08-30.
14. Record of Decision and Standards and Guidelines for amendments to the Survey and Manage, Protection Buffer, and other mitigation measures Standards and Guidelines (PDF) (Report). Portland, Oregon: USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. January 2001. p. 41.
15. Molina R. (2008). "Protecting rare, little known, old-growth forest-associated fungi in the Pacific Northwest USA: A case study in fungal conservation". Mycological Research. 112 (6): 613–638. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.12.005. PMID 18486464.