Brian Wansink

Brian Wansink is a former American professor and researcher who worked in consumer behavior and marketing research. He is the former executive director of the USDA's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion (CNPP) (2007–2009) and held the John S. Dyson Endowed Chair in the Applied Economics and Management Department at Cornell University, where he directed the Cornell Food and Brand Lab.[1]

Brian Wansink
Wansink in 2007
Born	June 28, 1960 Sioux City, Iowa
Alma mater	Wayne State College (BS) Drake University (MA) Stanford University (PhD)
Known for	Consumer behavior, Nutrition psychology
Awards	Ig Nobel Prize (2007)
Scientific career
Fields	consumer behavior, nutrition psychology
Institutions	Cornell University, University of Pennsylvania, Dartmouth College, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Website	http://www.brianwansink.com/

Wansink's lab researched people's food choices and ways to improve those choices. Starting in 2017, problems with Wansink's papers and presentations were brought to wider public scrutiny. These problems included conclusions not supported by the data presented, data and figures duplicated across papers, questionable data including impossible values, incorrect and inappropriate statistical analyses, and "p-hacking".[2][3][4][5][6][7] As of 2020 Wansink has had 18 of his research papers retracted (one twice), seven others have received an expression of concern, and 15 others have been corrected.[8] On September 20, 2018, Cornell determined that Wansink had committed scientific misconduct and removed him from research and teaching activities; he resigned effective June 30, 2019.[6]

Early life and education

Brian Wansink was born in Sioux City, Iowa.[9] He was raised in a blue-collar family and is the older brother of Craig Wansink,[10] a professor and chair of the Department of Religious Studies at Virginia Wesleyan.[11] Wansink received a B.S. in business administration from Wayne State College (Nebraska) in 1982 and an M.A. in journalism and mass communication from Drake University in 1984, followed by a Ph.D. in marketing (consumer behavior) in 1990 from Stanford Graduate School of Business.[1]

Career

Cornell Food and Brand Lab outreach

Wansink's first academic appointment was to the faculty of the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College (1990–1994). He then taught at the Wharton Graduate School of Business at the University of Pennsylvania (1995–1997) and went on to a position as a marketing, nutritional science, advertising, and agricultural economics professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1997–2005) before moving to the Department of Applied Economics and Management in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University in 2005.[1]

He set up a nonprofit foundation to support his work in 1999.[9][10]

Wansink's research focused on ways people make choices—for example, how portion sizes affect food intake. Some of his work led to the introduction of mini-size packaging.[12] Another of his papers found that people who eat with someone who is fat will make worse food choices, which the UK National Health Service described as "not wholly convincing and does not prove this phenomenon exists in the general population."[13]

In 2005, Wansink's lab published experimental findings in a paper called "Bottomless bowls: why visual cues of portion size may influence intake". In this study, the lab built an apparatus containing a tube that pumped soup into the bottom of a bowl at a steady rate as the participant ate. Those who ate from the bottomless bowl ate more soup than those whose bowls were filled manually, thus making them more aware of the amount they ate.[14][15] In 2007, Wansink received the Ig Nobel Prize in nutrition for the "bottomless bowls" study.[16] The experiment's data and analysis were challenged as part of the review of Wansink's body of work that started in 2017.[17]

In 2006, Wansink published Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think.[12] It was described as a popular science book combined with a self-help diet book, as each chapter ends with brief advice on eating.[18] The book details Wansink's research into what, how much, and when people eat.[12][19] The book was cited by National Action Against Obesity as being helpful in efforts to curb obesity in the United States.[20]

Wansink was appointed as the executive director of the USDA's Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion from November 2007 through January 2009. He was responsible for oversight of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, MyPyramid.gov, and various other food-related programs administered by the USDA.[21] In 2011, Wansink was elected to a one-year-term as president of the Society for Nutrition Education.[22]

In a 2009 paper retracted in 2018,[23] a team led by Wansink described their finding that calorie counts in The Joy of Cooking had gone up around 44% since the cookbook's first edition in 1936, and related this to the obesity epidemic. Over time this finding became a shorthand way to refer to the unhealthy Western pattern diet. The publisher of Joy of Cooking, John Becker, noticed that Wansink's sample size was small, consisting of only 18 recipes out of about 4500 that were published during the study time interval, and did his own analysis of changes in calories in the recipes. In 2017, after news of Wansink's research practices became widely discussed in the media, Becker sent his results to several statisticians, including James Heathers, a behavioral scientist at Northeastern University. Heathers found Wansink's conclusions to be invalid, and found a number of problems with Wansink's paper, including counting a whole cake as a "serving" and comparing a recipe for a clear chicken soup with one for gumbo.[24][25]

Wansink's second book, Slim by Design, was released in 2014. In the same year he ran a Kickstarter campaign and raised around $10,000 to fund a coaching program based on the book; as of February 2018 the program had not been produced.[26]

Retractions and corrections

In 2017 Wansink's research came under scrutiny, leading to several retractions and corrections and an investigation by Cornell into the integrity of his work. In September 2018, Cornell determined that Wansink had committed scientific misconduct and removed him from all teaching and research positions; he was only allowed to help in investigations of his published work. He also resigned from the university, effective June 30, 2019.[6] After the announcement of his misconduct and resignation, Wansink acknowledged in emails to Buzzfeed that there had been some problems with his publications but also wrote, "There was no fraud, no intentional misreporting, no plagiarism, or no misappropriation."[6] Cornell released a summary of its investigation, in which it stated, "The practices identified included data falsification, a failure to assure data accuracy and integrity, inappropriate attribution of authorship of research publications, inappropriate research methods, failure to obtain necessary research approvals, and dual publication or submission of research findings."[27]

Pizza papers

In January 2017, the validity of research from Wansink's labs was called into question after Wansink had written a blog post about asking a graduate student to "salvage" conclusions from a study which had null results, subsequently producing five papers from it, all published with Wansink as co-author.[3] Van der Zee, Anaya, and Brown analysed four of the five papers (referred to as "the pizza papers"), and found conclusions not supported by the data presented, and a total of 150 questionable numbers, such as impossible values, incorrect ANOVA results, and dubious p-values.[2][3] According to the critics, requests for access to the original data were denied by Wansink, who cited privacy issues regarding the anonymity of the participants. A February 2017 article in New York Magazine described the pizza papers as "shockingly unprofessional" and expressed concern over the journals that published them.[2][28]

In response, Wansink announced an in-depth review of the four disputed papers, after locating some of the original datasets,[29] and published a detailed response in March 2017.[3] A few days later, Cornell released a statement confirming that the university administration had conducted a preliminary investigation of Wansink's four pizza papers, and had not found evidence of scientific misconduct. The investigation did find multiple cases of self-plagiarism and confirmed "numerous instances of inappropriate data handling and statistical analysis", requiring Wansink to hire independent, external statistical experts to check and reanalyze his own review of the papers.[3][30]

Further corrections and retractions

Later in 2017, errors were found in six other papers published by members of the Cornell Food and Brand Lab. As of December 2017, six papers had been retracted and 14 corrections had been issued.[31]

By March 2018, two more papers had been retracted and an additional correction made, bringing the total counts to 8 retractions (one paper retracted twice) and 15 corrections.[5] In April 2018, JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) issued a "Notice of Expression of Concern" about all six articles authored by Wansink in JAMA and JAMA network specialty journals, to alert the scientific community of concerns about the validity of Wansink's research; the notice included a request for Cornell to have the validity of the papers independently assessed.[32] In September 2018 JAMA retracted six papers by Wansink.[33]

The following papers were retracted:[34][31][35][7]

• Hanks, AS; Just, DR; Wansink, B (July 2013). "Preordering school lunch encourages better food choices by children". JAMA Pediatrics. 167 (7): 673–4. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.82. PMID 23645188.
• Siğirci, Ozge; Rockmore, Marc; Wansink, Brian (6 September 2016). "How Traumatic Violence Permanently Changes Shopping Behavior". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1298. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01298. PMC 5012201. PMID 27656152.

Frontiers Editorial Office (27 November 2017). "Retraction note: How Traumatic Violence Permanently Changes Shopping Behavior". Frontiers in Psychology. 8: 2140. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02140. PMC 5712176. PMID 29204134.

• Siğirci, Özge; Wansink, Brian (19 November 2015). "RETRACTED ARTICLE: Low prices and high regret: how pricing influences regret at all-you-can-eat buffets". BMC Nutrition. 1 (1). doi:10.1186/s40795-015-0030-x.

Siğirci, Özge; Wansink, Brian (15 September 2017). "Retraction Note: Low prices and high regret: how pricing influences regret at all-you-can-eat buffets". BMC Nutrition. 3 (1): 76. doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0195-6. PMC 7050918. PMID 32154804.

• Tal, A; Wansink, B (24 June 2013). "Fattening fasting: hungry grocery shoppers buy more calories, not more food". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (12): 1146–8. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.650. PMID 23649173.
• Tal, A; Zuckerman, S; Wansink, B (November 2014). "Watch what you eat: action-related television content increases food intake". JAMA Internal Medicine. 174 (11): 1842–3. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4098. PMID 25179157.
• Vuorinen, Anna-Leena; Strahilevitz, Michal Ann; Wansink, Brian; Safer, Debra L. (March 2017). "Withdrawn: Shifts in the Enjoyment of Healthy and Unhealthy Behaviors Affect Short- and Long-Term Postbariatric Weight Loss". Bariatric Surgical Practice and Patient Care. 12 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1089/bari.2016.0036. PMC 6376631. PMID 30783580. (Withdrawn March 2018)[5]
• Wansink, Brian; Bascoul, Ganaël; Chen, Gary T. (2006-07-01). "RETRACTED: The sweet tooth hypothesis: How fruit consumption relates to snack consumption". Appetite. 47 (1): 107–110. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2005.07.011. ISSN 0195-6663. PMID 16574275.
• Wansink, Brian; Chandon, Pierre (2006-09-05). "Meal Size, Not Body Size, Explains Errors in Estimating the Calorie Content of Meals". Annals of Internal Medicine. 145 (5): 326–32. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-5-200609050-00005. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 16954358.
• Wansink, B; Cheney, MM (13 April 2005). "Super Bowls: serving bowl size and food consumption". JAMA. 293 (14): 1727–8. doi:10.1001/jama.293.14.1727. PMID 15827310.
• Wansink, Brian; Van Ittersum, Koert; Werle, Carolina (2009-06-01). "RETRACTED: How negative experiences shape long-term food preferences. Fifty years from the World War II combat front". Appetite. 52 (3): 750–752. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.01.001. ISSN 0195-6663. PMID 19522080.
• Wansink, B; Payne, C; Werle, C (October 2008). "Consequences of belonging to the "clean plate club"". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 162 (10): 994–5. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.10.994. PMID 18838655. S2CID 21456928.
• Wansink, Brian; Payne, Collin R. (2009-02-17). "The Joy of Cooking Too Much: 70 Years of Calorie Increases in Classic Recipes". Annals of Internal Medicine. 150 (4): 291–2. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-4-200902170-00028. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 19221391. S2CID 33950574.
• Wansink, B; Tal, A; Shimizu, M (25 June 2012). "First foods most: after 18-hour fast, people drawn to starches first and vegetables last". Archives of Internal Medicine. 172 (12): 961–3. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1278. PMID 22732752.
• Wansink, Brian; Just, David R.; Payne, Collin R. (1 October 2012). "Can Branding Improve School Lunches?". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 166 (10): 1–2. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.999. PMID 22911396. (retracted and republished then retracted again)

Wansink, Brian; Just, David R.; Payne, Collin R. (21 September 2017). "Notice of Retraction and Replacement. Wansink B, Just DR, Payne CR. Can Branding Improve School Lunches? 2012;166(10):967-968. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.999". JAMA Pediatrics. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.3136.

Wansink, Brian; Just, David R.; Payne, Collin R. (1 December 2017). "Notice of Retraction. Wansink B, Just DR, Payne CR. Can Branding Improve School Lunches? 2012;166(10):967-968". JAMA Pediatrics. 171 (12): 1230. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.4603. PMID 29053760.

• Wansink, Brian; Just, David R.; Payne, Collin R.; Klinger, Matthew Z. (October 2012). "RETRACTED: Attractive names sustain increased vegetable intake in schools". Preventive Medicine. 55 (4): 330–332. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.07.012. PMID 22846502.
• Wansink, Brian; Park, Se-Bum (November 2002). "Retracted: Sensory Suggestiveness and Labeling: Do Soy Labels Bias Taste?". Journal of Sensory Studies. 17 (5): 483–491. doi:10.1111/j.1745-459X.2002.tb00360.x.

"Retraction Statement: 'Sensory suggestiveness and labeling: Do soy labels bias taste?' by B. Wansink and S.-B. Park". Journal of Sensory Studies. 32 (2): e12259. April 2017. doi:10.1111/joss.12259.

• Wansink, Brian; Westgren, Randall (December 2003). "RETRACTED: Profiling taste-motivated segments". Appetite. 41 (3): 323–327. doi:10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00120-X. PMID 14637331.

Books

• Sudman, Seymour; Wansink, Brian (2002). Consumer Panels (2nd ed.). Chicago, Ill.: American Marketing Association. ISBN 978-0-87757-297-8.
• Bradburn, Norman M.; Sudman, Seymour; Wansink, Brian (2004). Asking Questions: The Definitive Guide to Questionnaire Design for Market Research, Political Polls, and Social and Health Questionnaires (Rev. ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-7088-8.
• Wansink, Brian (2004). Marketing Nutrition: Soy, Functional Foods, Biotechnology, and Obesity (First Illinois paperback ed.). Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-02942-4.
• Wansink, Brian (2006). Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-80434-8.
• Wansink, Brian (2014). Slim by Design: Mindless Eating Solutions for Everyday Life. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 978-0062136527.

Personal

Wansink is married and has three daughters.[36] His wife trained as a chef at Le Corden Bleu.[37]

See also

• List of scientific misconduct incidents

References

1. Wansink, Brian (June 7, 2017). "Wansink Vita" (PDF). Dyson Cornell SC Johnson School of Business.
2. Singal, Jesse (2017-02-08). "A Popular Diet-Science Lab Has Been Publishing Really Shoddy Research". New York magazine. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
3. O'Grady, Cathleen (24 April 2017). ""Mindless Eating," or how to send an entire life of research into question". Ars Technica.
4. Lee, Stephanie M. (February 25, 2018). "Sliced And Diced: The Inside Story Of How An Ivy League Food Scientist Turned Shoddy Data Into Viral Studies". BuzzFeed.
5. "Caught Our Notice: Retraction eight as errors in Wansink paper are "too voluminous" for a correction". Retraction Watch. 19 March 2018.
6. "Cornell Just Found Brian Wansink Guilty Of Scientific Misconduct And He Has Resigned". 2018-09-20. Archived from the original on 2018-09-20. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
7. Oransky, Author Ivan (2018-12-05). "The Joy of Cooking, vindicated: Journal retracts two more Brian Wansink papers". Retraction Watch. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
8. "Retraction Watch Database". Retraction Watch. Center for Scientific Integrity. Retrieved 2020-06-05.
9. "Brian Wansink Ph.D." HealthCorps. Archived from the original on 2017-10-19. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
10. Jenkins, Robin Mather (30 March 2005). "The wizard of why". www.chicagotribune.com. Tribune Digital. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
11. Jiggetts, Jennifer (27 November 2010). "Teaching, preaching: Norfolk man has two callings". Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
12. Severson, Kim (11 October 2006). "Seduced by Snacks? No, Not You". The New York Times.
13. "Behind the Headlines: Eating with a fat friend 'makes you eat more'". National Health Service. October 6, 2014.
14. Schachtman, Todd; Reilly, Steve (2011). Associative learning and conditioning theory: human and non-human applications. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199735969. OCLC 664352638.
15. Leonhardt, David (2007-05-02). "Your Plate Is Bigger Than Your Stomach". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
16. "Ig Nobel Prizes Stranger Than Fiction". Science. 5 October 2007.
17. Etchells, Pete; Chambers, Chris (16 February 2018). "Mindless eating: is there something rotten behind the research?". the Guardian.
18. Ross, Madeline K.B. (October 25, 2006). "Why Do I Keep Super Sizing Me?". The Harvard Crimson.
19. Kennedy, Jack L. (October 31, 2006). "Joplin Independent: Mindless Eating is a nourishing read". Joplin Independent.
20. "MeMe Roth And National Action Against Obesity Name 2006 Heroes and Villains in U.S. Fight Against Obesity". PRWeb. 19 December 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
21. Lang, Susan S. (November 20, 2007). "Wansink accepts 14-month appointment as executive director of USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion : Cornell Chronicle". Cornell Chronicle.
22. "Past Presidents". SNEB. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
23. "Study that took aim at 'Joy of Cooking' is retracted". NBC News. Associated Press. December 6, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
24. Rosner, Helen (21 March 2018). "The Strange, Uplifting Tale of "Joy of Cooking" Versus the Food Scientist". New Yorker.
25. Resnick, Brian; Belluz, Julia (28 February 2018). "Why the Joy of Cooking is going after a Cornell researcher". Vox.
26. Lee, Stephanie (February 23, 2018). "An Ivy League Scientist Raised $10,000 On Kickstarter For A Weight-Loss Program That Never Launched". BuzzFeed.
27. Dahlberg, Brett. "Cornell finds laboratory head falsified data". www.wrvo.org. Retrieved 2018-12-06.
28. "Cornell Food Researcher's Downfall Raises Larger Questions For Science". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-01-16.
29. Bartlett, Tom (17 March 2017). "Spoiled Science". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
30. "Cornell University Statement Regarding Questions About Professor Brian Wansink's Research | Cornell Chronicle". news.cornell.edu. 7 April 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
31. "Another retraction to appear for Cornell food scientist Brian Wansink". Retraction Watch. 28 December 2017.
32. Bauchner, Howard (2018). "Expression of Concern: Wansink B, Cheney MM. Super Bowls: Serving Bowl Size and Food Consumption. JAMA 2005; 293(14):1727-1728". JAMA. 319 (18): 1869. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.4908. PMID 29710107.
33. "JAMA journals retract six papers by food marketing researcher Brian Wansink". Retraction Watch. 19 September 2018.
34. "Retraction Watch Database: Wansink". Retrieved 18 March 2018.
35. "Retract, replace, retract: Beleaguered food researcher pulls article from JAMA journal (again)". Retraction Watch. 20 October 2017.
36. Richtel, Matt (2012-06-20). "Putting the Squeeze on a Family Ritual". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
37. Butler, Kiera (March 2015). "This fast-food-loving, organics-hating Ivy League prof will trick you into eating better". Mother Jones. Retrieved 16 July 2018.

External links

• Official website

Further reading

• van der Zee, Tim; Anaya, Jordan; Brown, Nicholas J L (25 January 2017). "Statistical heartburn: An attempt to digest four pizza publications from the Cornell Food and Brand Lab". PeerJ Preprints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.2748v1. ISSN 2167-9843. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
• Wansink, Brian (April 2017). "A Note from Brian Wansink on Research". Archived from the original on 5 April 2017.
• Wansink, Brian. "Authors' responses to "Statistical heartburn: An attempt to digest four pizza publications from the Cornell Food and Brand Lab"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2017.
• Wansink, Brian. "Responses to "Statistical Heartburn: An Attempt to Digest Four Pizza Publications from the Cornell Food and Brand Lab" - Table of 150 Inconsistencies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2017.
• "Cornell University Statement Regarding Questions About Professor Brian Wansink's Research". Cornell University. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018.
• "Statement of Cornell University Provost Michael I. Kotlikoff". Cornell University. September 20, 2018. Archived from the original on September 21, 2018.