Bogie

A bogie (/ˈboʊɡi/ BOH-ghee) (in some senses called a truck in North American English) is a chassis or framework that carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle—a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or be quickly detachable (as the dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange); it may contain a suspension within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as most bogies of tracked vehicles are); it may be mounted on a swivel, as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies).

For other uses, see Bogie (disambiguation).
"Bogi" redirects here. For the Hungarian singer, see Bogi (singer). For the Tamil festival, see Bhogi.
Not to be confused with Boogie.

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Rail transport
Bogies allow the wheelsets to more closely follow the direction of the rails when travelling around a curve in the railroad.
A diagram of an American-style truck showing the names of its parts and showing the journal boxes to be integral parts of the side frame[1][2][3] The journal boxes house plain bearings

While bogie is the preferred spelling and first-listed variant in various dictionaries,[4][5][6] bogey and bogy are also used.[4][5]

Railway

A bogie in the UK, or a railroad truck, wheel truck, or simply truck in North America, is a structure underneath a railway vehicle (wagon, coach or locomotive) to which axles (and, hence, wheels) are attached through bearings. In Indian English, bogie may also refer to an entire railway carriage.[7] In South Africa, the term bogie is often alternatively used to refer to a freight or goods wagon (shortened from bogie wagon).

The first standard gauge British railway to build coaches with bogies, instead of rigidly mounted axles, was the Midland Railway in 1874.[8]

Purpose

Bogies serve a number of purposes:[9]

  • Support of the rail vehicle body
  • Stability on both straight and curved track
  • Improve ride quality by absorbing vibration and minimizing the impact of centrifugal forces when the train runs on curves at high speed
  • Minimizing generation of track irregularities and rail abrasion

Usually, two bogies are fitted to each carriage, wagon or locomotive, one at each end. Another configuration is often used in articulated vehicles, which places the bogies (often Jacobs bogies) under the connection between the carriages or wagons.

Most bogies have two axles,[9] but some cars designed for heavy loads have more axles per bogie. Heavy-duty cars may have more than two bogies using span bolsters to equalize the load and connect the bogies to the cars.

Usually, the train floor is at a level above the bogies, but the floor of the car may be lower between bogies, such as for a bilevel rail car to increase interior space while staying within height restrictions, or in easy-access, stepless-entry, low-floor trains.

Components
Main article: List of railroad truck parts

Key components of a bogie include:[9]

  • The bogie frame: This can be of inside frame type where the main frame and bearings are between the wheels, or (more commonly) of outside frame type where the main frame and bearings are outside the wheels.
  • Suspension to absorb shocks between the bogie frame and the rail vehicle body. Common types are coil springs, leaf springs and rubber airbags.
  • At least one wheelset, composed of an axle with bearings and a wheel at each end.
  • The bolster, the main crossmember, connected to the bogie frame through the secondary suspension. The railway car is supported at the pivot point on the bolster.
  • Axle box suspensions absorb shocks between the axle bearings and the bogie frame. The axle box suspension usually consists of a spring between the bogie frame and axle bearings to permit up-and-down movement, and sliders to prevent lateral movement. A more modern design uses solid rubber springs.
  • Brake equipment: Two main types are used: brake shoes that are pressed against the tread of the wheel, and disc brakes and pads.
  • In powered vehicles, some form of transmission, usually electrically powered traction motors with a single speed gearbox or a hydraulically powered torque converter.

The connections of the bogie with the rail vehicle allow a certain degree of rotational movement around a vertical axis pivot (bolster), with side bearers preventing excessive movement. More modern, bolsterless bogie designs omit these features, instead taking advantage of the sideways movement of the suspension to permit rotational movement.[9]

Examples

Commonwealth bogie
Commonwealth bogie as used on BR Mark 1 and CIE Park Royals

The Commonwealth bogie was manufactured by the English Steel Corporation under licence from the Commonwealth Steel Company in Illinois, United States. Fitted with SKF or Timken bearings, it was introduced in the late 1950s for all BR Mark 1 vehicles. It was a heavy, cast-steel design weighing about 6.5 long tons (6.6 t; 7.3 short tons),[10] with sealed roller bearings on the axle ends, avoiding the need to maintain axle box oil levels.

The leaf springs were replaced by coil springs (one per wheel) running vertically rather than horizontally. The advanced design gave a better ride quality than the BR1, being rated for 100 mph (160 km/h).

The side frame of the bogie was usually of bar construction, with simple horn guides attached, allowing the axle boxes vertical movements between them. The axle boxes had a cast-steel equaliser beam or bar resting on them. The bar had two steel coil springs placed on it and the bogie frame rested on the springs. The effect was to allow the bar to act as a compensating lever between the two axles and to use both springs to soften shocks from either axle. The bogie had a conventional bolster suspension with swing links carrying a spring plank.

B4 bogie
B4 bogie as used on BR Mark 2 and Irish Cravens

The B4 bogie was introduced in 1963. It was a fabricated steel design versus cast iron and was lighter than the Commonwealth, weighing in at 5 long tons (5.08 t; 5.60 short tons).[11] It also had a speed rating of 100 mph (160 km/h).

Axle to spring connection was again fitted with roller bearings. However, now two coil springs rather than one were fitted per wheel.[12]

Only a very small number of Mark 1 stock was fitted with the B4 bogie from new, it being used on the Mark 1 only to replace worn BR1 bogies. The British Rail Mark 2 coach, however, carried the B4 bogies from new. A heavier-duty version, the B5, was standard on Southern Region Mk1-based EMUs from the 1960s onwards. Some Mark 1 catering cars had mixed bogies—a B5 under the kitchen end, and a B4 under the seating end. Some of the B4-fitted Mark 2s, as well as many B4-fitted Mark 1 BGs were allowed to run at 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) with extra maintenance, particularly of the wheel profile, and more frequent inspection.

BT10 bogie
BT10 high-speed bogie as used on MK3

The BT10 bogie was introduced on the British Rail Mark 3 coach in the 1970s. Each wheel is separately connected to the bogie by a swing-arm axle.

There is dual suspension:

  • Primary suspension via a coil spring and damper mounted on each axle
  • Secondary suspension via two air springs mounted on the pivot plank, this is connected to the bogie by pendulum links. A constant coach height is maintained by air valves.[13]

Locomotives
Diesel and electric
Main articles: UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements and AAR wheel arrangement
EMD#HT-C Trucks on
EMD#SD40-2 ~ BNSF#6731

Modern diesel and electric locomotives are mounted on bogies. Those commonly used in the North America include Type A, Blomberg, HT-C and Flexicoil trucks.[14]

Steam

On a steam locomotive, the leading and trailing wheels may be mounted on bogies like pony trucks or Bissel bogies. Articulated locomotives (e.g. Fairlie, Garratt or Mallet locomotives) have power bogies similar to those on diesel and electric locomotives.

Rollbock

A rollbock is a specialized type of bogie that is inserted under the wheels of a rail wagon/car, usually to convert for another track gauge. Transporter wagons carry the same concept to the level of a flatcar specialized to take other cars as its load.

Archbar bogies

In archbar or diamond frame bogies, the side frames are fabricated rather than cast.

  • Japanese archbar bogie with axleboxes
  • Diamond frame bogie, elliptical springs and American style journal boxes
  • Diamond frame bogie, coil springs and journal boxes
  • Archbar bogie with journal bearings in American style journal boxes, as used on some steam locomotive tenders. Archbar bogies (trucks) were also used on freight cars.

Tramway

Modern
Side view of a SEPTA K-Car bogie

Tram bogies are much simpler in design because of their axle load, and the tighter curves found on tramways mean tram bogies almost never have more than two axles. Furthermore, some tramways have steeper gradients and vertical, as well as horizontal, curves, which means tram bogies often need to pivot on the horizontal axis, as well.

Some articulated trams have bogies located under articulations, a setup referred to as a Jacobs bogie. Often, low-floor trams are fitted with nonpivoting bogies and many tramway enthusiasts see this as a retrograde step, as it leads to more wear of both track and wheels and also significantly reduces the speed at which a tram can round a curve.[15]

Historic

In the past, many different types of bogie (truck) have been used under tramcars (e.g. Brill, Peckham, maximum traction). A maximum traction truck has one driving axle with large wheels and one nondriving axle with smaller wheels. The bogie pivot is located off-centre, so more than half the weight rests on the driving axle.

Workers maintaining an electro-mechanical bogie from a tram at Crich Tramway Village

Hybrid systems
Mockup of the pneumatic bogie system of an MP 89 carriage used on the Meteor metro, showing the two special wheelsets[16]

The retractable stadium roof on Toronto's Rogers Centre used modified off-the-shelf train bogies on a circular rail. The system was chosen for its proven reliability.

Rubber-tyred metro trains use a specialised version of railway bogies. Special flanged steel wheels are behind the rubber-tired running wheels, with additional horizontal guide wheels in front of and behind the running wheels, as well. The unusually large flanges on the steel wheels guide the bogie through standard railroad switches, and in addition keep the train from derailing in case the tires deflate.[16]

Variable gauge axles
Main article: Variable gauge

To overcome breaks of gauge some bogies are being fitted with variable gauge axles (VGA) so that they can operate on two different gauges. These include the SUW 2000 system from ZNTK Poznań.

Cleminson system

The Cleminson system is not a true bogie, but serves a similar purpose. It was based on a patent of 1883 by James Cleminson,[17] and was once popular on narrow-gauge rolling stock, e.g. on the Isle of Man and Manx Northern Railways. The vehicle would have three axles and the outer two could pivot to adapt to curvature of the track. The pivoting was controlled by levers attached to the third (centre) axle, which could slide sideways.[18]

Tracked vehicles

Some tanks and other tracked vehicles have bogies as external suspension components (see armoured fighting vehicle suspension). This type of bogie usually has two or more road wheels and some type of sprung suspension to smooth the ride across rough terrain. Bogie suspensions keep much of their components on the outside of the vehicle, saving internal space. Although vulnerable to antitank fire, they can often be repaired or replaced in the field.

Articulated bogie

An articulated bogie is any one of a number of bogie designs that allow railway equipment to safely turn sharp corners, while reducing or eliminating the "screeching" normally associated with metal wheels rounding a bend in the rails. There are a number of such designs, and the term is also applied to train sets that incorporate articulation in the vehicle, as opposed to the bogies themselves.

If one considers a single bogie "up close", it resembles a small rail car with axles at either end. The same effect that causes the bogies to rub against the rails at longer radius causes each of the pairs of wheels to rub on the rails and cause the screeching. Articulated bogies add a second pivot point between the two axles (wheelsets) to allow them to rotate to the correct angle even in these cases.

Articulated lorries (tractor-trailers)

In trucking, a bogie is the subassembly of axles and wheels that supports a semi-trailer, whether permanently attached to the frame (as on a single trailer) or making up the dolly that can be hitched and unhitched as needed when hitching up a second or third semi-trailer (as when pulling doubles or triples).

Bogie (aircraft)
Main article: Landing gear
Main landing gear leg and six-wheel bogie of a Boeing 777-300

Radial steering truck

Radial Steering Trucks, also known as Radial Bogie Trucks, are a somewhat experimental version of wheel assemblies found under almost all modern railway rollingstock; this generally excludes historic 2Axle wagons and steam locomotives (e.g. a 0-6-0). Bogie trucks under coaches|wagons are typically unpowered 2Axle or less common 3Axle designs; bogie trucks under diesel and electric locomotives are typically 2Axle "B" or 3Axle "A1A or C" and rarely 4Axle "D" designs, powered with trac motors which drive the wheels through toothed AxleBull~MotorPinion gears. For non-radial standard bogie trucks, the more axles in the assembly, the more difficulty it has negotiating curves, due to wheel flange to rail friction. For radial bogie trucks, the wheel sets actively "steer" through curves, thus reducing wear at the wheel flange to rail interface and improving adhesion; various radial designs are depicted and described below.

EMD#HTCR

EMD#HTCR 3Axle "C" radial bogie trucks were developed and tested 1987~1992 under experimental locomotive EMD#SD60 EMD#3, later numbered GMTX#9000. The HTCR was then made standard equipment for the EMD#SD70 6Axle "C-C" locomotive series, first sold in 1993. However, the HTCR in actual operation had mixed results and relatively high purchase and maintenance costs. Thus the EMD#HTSC was introduced in 2003, which basically is the HTCR stripped of radial components.

GE#SelfSteering

The GE#SelfSteering 3Axle "C" radial bogie truck was introduced in 1995 as a buyer option under GE#AC44 and later GE#ES44 6Axle "C-C" locomotives. However it also met with limited acceptance due to relatively high purchase and maintenance costs, and customers have generally chosen GE#HiAd standard bogie trucks for newer and rebuilt locomotives.

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  • de:Dreh­ge­stell Würt­tem­ber­ger Bau­art von 1845
  • Dia­mond-Dreh­ge­stell ei­nes Per­so­nen­wa­gens der MPSB um 1890
  • Dreh­ge­stell Typ Y25 ge­schweißt mit 22,5-t-Radsätzen (häu­fig­stes Gü­ter­wa­gen­dreh­gestell in Eu­ro­pa)
  • Das von der UIC stan­dar­di­sier­te Y25-Dreh­ge­stell mit 1,80 m Achs­stand, hier an ei­nem Res-Wagen der PKP
  • Dreh­ge­stell des Typs TVP 2007 mit durch Kreuz­anker ge­steu­er­ten ra­dial ein­stell­ba­ren 25-t-Radsätzen. Die Bau­art ist aus dem Y25 ab­ge­lei­tet.
  • Das Dreh­ge­stell der DB-Bau­art 652 mit Pa­ra­bel­fe­dern wurde von LHB ent­wickelt und ab 1986 ge­baut
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See also

Articles on bogies and trucks

References
  1. "Bogie truck for railway and like vehicles". google.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  2. "AAR M-1003 Certified Truck Component Manufacturing". ColumbusCastings.com. Columbus, Ohio: Columbus Castings. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  3. "General Information" (PDF). SCTCO.com. Standard Car Truck Company. January 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  4. Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster.
  5. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.), Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, archived from the original on 2015-07-14, retrieved 2014-11-24.
  6. Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford Dictionaries Online, Oxford University Press, archived from the original on 2014-12-02.
  7. "Oxford Learner's Dictionaries - Find definitions, translations, and grammar explanations at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries". www.oxfordadvancedlearnersdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  8. Jenkinson, David (1988). British Railway Carriages of the 20th Century - Volume 1: The end of an era, 1901-22. London: Guild Publishing. p. 10. CN 8130.
  9. Isao Okamoto (December 1998). "How Bogies Work" (PDF). Japan Railway & Transport Review (18): 52–61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
  10. Parkin, Keith (1991). British Railways Mark 1 Coaches. Penryn: Pendragon. p. 35. ISBN 0-906899-49-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  11. Parkin 1991, p. 37
  12. "WSR :: West Somerset Railway :: Bogies". www.wsr.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  13. Roger Barnett - British Rail’s InterCity 125 and 225 Archived 2008-05-29 at the Wayback Machine
  14. "trucks". www.hosam.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  15. "ČVUT.cz - Čapek, Kolář" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  16. Dery, Bernard. "Truck (bogie) - Visual Dictionary". www.infovisual.info. Archived from the original on 16 June 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  17. http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/docserver/fulltext/imotp.1897.19461.pdf?expires=1315520526&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=AD521ED02561C3CF38D1772ECF1ACA2B
  18. "Cleminson flexible six-wheeled waggon - Festipedia". www.festipedia.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  19. "Railroad Dictionary: J". CSX.com. CSX Corporation. 2012. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 15 November 2014.

Further reading
  • Baur, Karl Gerhard (2006). Drehgestelle - Bogies. Freiburg i.B.: EK-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-88255-147-1. (in German and English)
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