Boboshticë

Boboshticë (Bulgarian: Бобощица, Boboshtitsa; Macedonian: Бобоштица, Boboštica) is a village in the former Drenovë Municipality of the Korçë County in southeastern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Korçë.[1]

Boboshticë
Village
Boboshticë
Coordinates: 40°33′15″N 20°45′52″E
Country	Albania
County	Korçë
Municipality	Korçë
Municipal unit	Drenovë
Elevation	1,112 m (3,648 ft)
Population  (2005)
• Total	1,200
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)

History

According to legend, the village was founded by Polish settlers left behind after a Crusade.[2] It is believed that the local church of Saint John the Forerunner was most probably built in the 13th century and it was rebuilt and expanded later.[3] In 1503 a new church in the monastery St. Nicholas near to the village was built on whose western wall, in a Greek language inscription the slavic names of donors were mentioned - Bogdan, Chelko, Valcho and Telche,[4] and the paintings were a donation of Petros Chartophylax.[5]

Sultan Bayezid II donated the area to Mirahor (General of Cavalry) Iljas Bey. The village was transformed in 1505 in an evaladiet-type waqf (religious trust). By the late 18th century, with the spread of çiflik-type feudalism instead of the military feudalism inside the Ottoman Empire, many villages of the area were transformed into çiflik. Ali Pasha Tepelena turned Boboshticë as such in 1817, while the adjacent village of Drenovë was turned in 1814. With the demise of Ali Pasha, the Ottoman Porte confiscated from his domains over 1000 çifliks, between others Boboshticë and Drenovë, and turned them into imlak (imperial çiflik). They remained such even after the Tanzimat reforms and other agrarian laws. The economical situation of the villagers degraded a lot during the 19th century, far worse than what it used to be in the old system of timar. They were obliged to pay the Ashar in addition to other ordinary and extraordinary taxes. By the end of the 19th century, immigration to Romania and Bulgaria became a widespread phenomenon. Other families had migrated even before, i.e. Gerasi family completely left when Ali Pasha took over. According to some sources, nearly half of the villagers emigrated to Wallachia during the rule of Ali Pasha.[4]

The village was internally ruled by an "council of elders" led by a person from one of the richest families, referred as Kodjabashis.

In 1823, for unclassified reasons, Boboshticë suffered a high level of mortality. 23 people are recorded to have died from the nearby monastery of St. Nicholas (Alb: Shën Kollit), while 325 in total from the area.[6]

A considerable number of the local population, though not of Greek origin, participated in the Greek War of Independence (1821-1830) and supported the Greek side. Six locals fell during the Siege of Messolonghi. Two uncles of the well-known Romanian author Victor Eftimiu participated in future anti-Ottoman wars.[7]

In 1873 the residents of Boboshtica wrote a request to the Bulgarian Exarch Antim I, written in Greek letters in the local dialect. They expressed their Bulgarian affiliation and provided a general information about their village. Boboshchitsa had 150 houses and was divided into five neighborhoods: Popchìshche, Chelkoveàne, Bràtsko, Bùnar and Dòlno Bùnar. The rivers that crossed the village were named: Goleàma reàka (Big river), Màla reàka (Little river) and Pòvrok. The main problem the village faced was to buy the village lands back from the Ottoman state.[4]

A Greek elementary school was already operating during the 1873-1874 school season. Greek education was expanded with the creation of a kindergarten in 1888.[8]

In 1878-1879, many diaspora members together with local villagers took the initiative of buying village lands back from the Ottoman Empire, 57 years after they had been turned into imlak, based on the new imperial laws which allowed the Christians to buy/sell land and similar properties. The diaspora managed to have to the support of Russian diplomat Ignatyev for this purpose. Ignatyev succeeded in convincing the Ottoman authorities to add Boboshticë (and Drenovë) to the list of Ottoman çifliks which were destined to auction. At this time the village is recorded to have had 1004 people. The community distributed financial obligations (debentures) written in Bulgarian, Romanian, and Greek in order to facilitate the fund-raising.[6]

During the Greco-Italian War in World War II, the strategic pass that led to the village changed hands several times in November 1940 but was finally taken by the Greek army after continuous pressure.[9] The headquarters of the V Corps of the Greek army was stationed in the village.[10]

According to the Bulgarian Exarchate, Boboshticë had 250 houses with 1,471 Bulgarian inhabitants in the early 20th century.[11] Also around this time, in 1903, German scholar Heinrich Gelzer visited the village and described the local population as a Bulgarian island in an Albanian sea, remained from the old Slavic population before Albanian mass migration from the 14th and 15th centuries.[12]

The villagers of Boboshticë-Drenovë have been a substantial part of the Albanian community in Romania. Their names appear on the statutes of the main organizations of Albanian diaspora there, with a great contribute in the Albanian National Awakening. Such societies were "Diturija", "Drenova", "Boboshtani" etc.[13][14] Thanas Kantili (1863-1933) from Boboshticë was vice-president of the "Diturija" society, and a delegate of the community to the Albanian Congress of Trieste in 1913.[15]

Demographics

According to German linguist Gustav Weigand, during the first decades of the 20th century, the villages "Boboschtitza" and "Drenowo" were a Bulgarian linguistic island in Albania.[16] The historian Ivan Snegarov noted in 1934 a significant processes of Albanization among the local Bulgarians.[4] The majority of the population of the village was Bulgarian until 1960. Then the mass migration of Vlachs began, while the old local population migrated to the cities in Albania.[17]

According to some scientists, Boboshticë and the neighboring Drenovë were the only villages in which the Korča dialect of the Macedonian language was still spoken, as of 1991.[18] According to linguist Xhelal Ylli, following a visit to the village in 2005, only five or six speakers remained living in the village.[19] The dialect is classified as part of Bulgarian dialects by other authors.[20][21][17] Some Bulgarian linguists emphasize that the reflexes of yat in this western Bulgarian dialect is wide, like it is in Eastern Bulgarian dialects.[22][23]

Dhimitër Theodhor Çanço (Dimitar Tsantso) was a teacher from the village who wrote the historical "Memorandia", a collection of orally transmitted historical facts, as well as documentary facts. The "Memorandia" was written in Greek. The original copy belongs to the author's family. It was copied by two of Canco's nephews and the copy is part of the Albanian Archives. In his memoirs, written in Greek, Tcanko defined the local villagers as Orthodox Christians who speak a Bulgarian dialect.[24] Andre Mazon, an expert in Slavic studies, has published an exceptional source of information it in his Documents slaves de l'Albanie de Sud, II, pieces complemetaires (Paris, Institut d'Etudes Slaves, 1965), for which Bulgarian scholar Maria Filipova made the translation from Greek to French.[25]
Mazon also published seventeen correspondence letters written by Mihal Kuneshka, a villager, dating back to the late 19th century. All are in the Macedonian language, proving the existence of the Slavic element. Mazon included as well sixteen letters written in French by Victor Efitimiu, which describe old legends and oral traditions leading to the village's assumed origin, as well as much third-party information from other authors.[25]

In 2005, a Greek-language school was again operating in the village.[26] At the same time, controversies rose regarding testimonies that the Greek government was paying people to declare themselves as Greek and register as North Epirotes, in attempts to Hellenize the area. A memorial was built to commemorate Greek soldiers fallen during the Greco-Italian War. Disagreements between some villagers and representatives of the Omonia organisation rose because of allegations that the construction personnel violated the village cemetery while building the memorial. This led to a one-year long imprisonment sentence for Omonia's leader in Korça, Naum Disho,[27] however his sentence was removed by the Korçe's Court of Appeal.[28]

Today, the majority of the villagers identify as Vlachs and many have received Greek citizenship from the Greek government, together with pensions for elderly people.[29] The village is also referred as one of the Vlach villages in Albania.[30] Top-Channel television visited the area and interviewed many people from the area including neighboring villages, and published the findings in the documentary "Searching the Vlachs" (Albanian: Ne kerkim te Vlleheve). The Albanian school, first opened in 1916 with 36 pupils, is suffering because the number of pupils registered each year is decreasing.

During the late 2000s linguists Klaus Steinke and Xhelal Ylli carried out fieldwork, seeking to corroborate information about villages cited in past literature as being Slavic-speaking.[31] Boboshticë was noted as having a population of Aromanians (Vlachs) with only a few remnants left of its former Slavic-speaking population.[31] During the early 1960s Aromanians settled in Boboshticë, which resulted in an ethnic and linguistic change of demographics of the population in the village.[31]

In the 2010s, only one elderly women remains in Boboshticë who is a speaker of the village's local Macedonian dialect called Kajnas (of us).[32]

Religious monuments

The village is home to the Church of Saint Demetrius and of Saint John the Forerunner. Both churches have been declared Cultural Monuments of Albania. The mural icons of Saint John's church have considerable resemblance with the ones from the Arbanasi village in Bulgaria, and many ones from a series of villages from North Macedonia, Greece and Bulgaria (Mesemvria, Kastoria, Veria, etc.).[33]

Until the 1960s two Orthodox monasteries were active next to Boboshticë; the Monastery of Saint Nicholas (Alb: Shën Kollit) on the east, and Monastery of the Dormition of the Theotokos (Alb: Shën Mërisë) on the south.
The monasteries had dedicated guest rooms for hosting pilgrims from other areas of the Balkans during religious feasts and events. The St. Mary monastery had a Prilepska room for guest coming from Prilep area (Alb:Përlep), and an Ohridska for guests coming from Ohrid area (Alb: Ohri).[7] Saint Nicholas was a stauropegic monastery, it was destroyed during the atheistic policies by the authorities of the Peoples Republic of Albania, but now has been restored.[34]

People from Boboshticë

• Gjergj Bubani (1899-1954), writer and publicist
• Victor Eftimiu, Romanian poet and playwright
• Thanas Kantili, Rilindas, vice-president of "Diturija" society in Bucharest[15][14]
• Sotir Kuneshka, physicist and academic
• Archbishop Liolin (born in NY, family originating from Boboshticë)
• Vani Trako (1923-2009), actor[35]
• Dimitar Tsantso/Dhimitër Theodhor Çanço (1814-1904), scholar[36]

References

1. "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2015-06-27.
2. Petiffer, James. "Blue Guide Albania & Kossovo", London, 2001.
3. Гюзелев, Боян. Албанци в източните Балкани, София 2004, с. 34. (Gyuzelev Boyan. Albanians in the eastern Balkans, Sofia 2004, p. 34.)
4. Снегаров, Иван. Един важен български документ от Корчанско, Македонски преглед, 1934, № 1, p. 1-16. (Snegarov Ivan. An important Bulgarian document from the region of Korcha, Macedonian Review, 1934, Vol. 1, p. 1-16.)
5. Giakoumis K. (2002), The Monasteries of Jorgucat and Vanishtë in Dropull and of Spelaio in Lunxhëri as Monuments and Institutions During the Ottoman Period in Albania (16th-19th Centuries), Doctoral thesis submitted at the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, p. 205
6. Petraq Pepo (1966). "Kritike dhe Bibliografi: Andre Mazon et Maria Filipova, "Documents slaves de l'Albanie de Sud, II, pieces complemetaires", Paris, Institut d'Etudes Slaves, 1965". Studime Historike. Tirana: Universiteti Shteteror i Tiranes, Instituti i Historise dhe Gjuhesise. 2 (XX): 196–197. ISSN 0563-5799. OCLC 3648264.
7. Petraq Pepo (1966). "Kritike dhe Bibliografi: Andre Mazon et Maria Filipova, "Documents slaves de l'Albanie de Sud, II, pieces complemetaires", Paris, Institut d'Etudes Slaves, 1965". Studime Historike. Tirana: Universiteti Shteteror i Tiranes, Instituti i Historise dhe Gjuhesise. 2 (XX): 198. ISSN 0563-5799. OCLC 3648264. Keta vullnetare qe nuk ishin Greke, kane treguar heroizem ne rrethimin e Misolongjit, bile aty u vrane 6 burra nga Boboshtica. Dy xhaxhallare te Stilian dhe Viktor Eftimiut, Leonidha dhe Themeli Caveja kane marre pjese me vone ne kryengritje te tjera...Ne manastirin e Shen Merise ka qene dhoma prilepska per pelegrinet nga krahu i Perlepit dhe dhoma ohridska per miqte nga Ohri
8. Koltsida, Athina. Η Εκπαίδευση στη Βόρεια Ήπειρο κατά την Ύστερη Περίοδο της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας [Education in Northern Epirus during the Later Ottoman Period] (PDF) (in Greek). University of Thessaloniki. p. 132. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
9. "Regio Esercito - Divisione Parma". www.regioesercito.it. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
10. "Αλβανική εκστρατεία. Παπάγος - Μουσείο Μπενάκη". www.benaki.gr (in Greek). Retrieved 1 December 2018.
11. Трайчев, Георги. Български селища в днешна Албания, в: Отецъ Паисий, 15-31 юли 1929 година, стр.213.
12. Gelzer, Heinrich. Vom heiligen Berge und aus Makedonien. Reisebilder aus den Athosklöstern und dem Insurrektionsgebiet, Leipzig 1904, pp. 211-212.

    Bobosnica und das benachbarte Drenkowa sind gleichsam eine bulgarische Insel in dem weiten albanesischen Meere der Ebene von Korytza; es sind Reste der alten slawischen Bevölkerung, die bei der Masseneinwanderung der Albanesen im vierzehnten und fünfzehnten Jahrhundert sich hier mühsam am Rande des Gebirges gehalten haben.

13. Lumo Skendo (1927-03-01), "Aktiviteti i Shqipëtarëvet në Rumani: KANONIZMA SHOQËRISH" (PDF), Diturija, 5: 187–189, archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-16, Uniune albaneza ortodoxa din Bucuresti, statut, Bucuresti, tipografia Cooperativa "Poporul", Bulevardul Elisabeta, Nr. 27. 1912. 10,5...në f. të panum. është këshilla adminisirate: Toma Ceami, Eracle Ouro, Petre Tarpo, Pande Evanghele, Vasili Zografi, Dr A. Shunda, Mihalache Kirita, Ilie Costuri, C. Naumescu, N. Hristea, Sotir Filip, Vanghele Dimitriu, Atanas Cantili, Pandele Durmisi, Dimitri Beratti, Visarion Dodani, Ch. Tico, Grigore Goda, Victor Eftimiu, Cristache Cotadi, Theodor Emanail, Alexe Drenova, Vanghele Atanasiu, Ioan Danga, Filip Papajani.
    Societatea frăția Boboşteni,dare de seamă pe anul 1913.
14. Bakiu Ymeri (2009-11-22), Himni kombëtar dhe Dita e Flamurit shqiptar, Gazeta Kritika Online, archived from the original on 2014-12-26, retrieved 2014-12-26, i pasuar prej fjalimesh të shqiptarëve, të cilat kurdoherë më çdo festë, kurorëzoheshin në fund prej veteranit të madh Thanas Kantili, të zjarrtit, të flaktit, të djegurit dhe të zhuriturit luftëtar të Kolonisë në Rumani.
15. Kongresi i Triestes, ja procesverbali i bisedimeve 1-4 mars 1913 (in Albanian)
16. Weigand, Gustav. "Ethnographie von Makedonien. Geschichtlich-nationaler, sprachlich-statistischer Teil", Leipzig, Friedrich Brandstetter, 1924, p. 80.
17. Бело, Миранда. Етикетният език в говора на село Бобощица (Република Албания), електронно списание "Онгъл", Год. VI, 2014, бр. 8, с. 45-53.(Belo, Miranda. "The language label in a manner of speaking in Boboshtitsa", electronic magazine "Ongal", 2014, vol. 8, pp. 45-53.)
18. Македонските дијалекти во Егејска Македонија: (Обид за класификација). Македонските дијалекти во Егејска Македонија: научен собир, Скопје 23–24 декември 1991. Skopje: MANU, 1994, стр. 23–60.
19. "Xhelal Ylli. Die slavischsprechende Bevölkerung in Südostalbanien und ihre Mundarten. в Языки и диалекты малых этнических групп на Балканах. Международная научная конференция. Санкт-Петербург, 11-12 июня 2004 г." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
20. Trubetzkoy, Nikolai. Principles_of_Phonology, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1977, p. 277, 279 (note 9))
21. Милетич, Любомир. Нови сведения за македонските българи в Бобощица (Корчанско) и техният език, Македонски преглед, X, 1937, 3 и 4, с. 19-32, (Miletic, Ljubomir. "New information about the Macedonian Bulgarians in Boboshtica (Korchansko) and their language", Macedonian Review, X, 1937, 3 and 4, pp. 19-32.)
22. Георгиева, Елена и Невена Тодорова, Българските народни говори, София 1986, с. 79. (Georgieva, Elena and Nevena Todorova, Bulgarian dialects, Sofia 1986, p. 79.)
23. Бояджиев, Тодор А. Помагало по българска диалектология, София 1984, с. 62. (Boyadzhiev Todor A. "Handbook on Bulgarian Dialectology", Sofia, 1984, р. 62.)
24. Mazon, André "Documents, contes et chansons slaves de l’Albanie du Sud", Paris, 1936, pp. 382-383

    Οι κάτοικοι Βοβοστίτσης λογιζόμενοι περί των 210 οικογενειών και του Δρενόβου 110 οικογενειών εισίν άπαντες χριστιανοί ορθόδοξοι λαλοΰντες ιδίαν τινά Βουλγαρικήν διάλεκτον, εν δε τοις σχολείοις αυτών παραδίδεται ή ελληνική καθομιλουμένη γλώσσα δια ταύτης έκτελούσιν εν τοις ναοΐς αυτών τα ιερά τελεστήρία.

25. Petraq Pepo (1966). "Kritike dhe Bibliografi: Andre Mazon et Maria Filipova, "Documents slaves de l'Albanie de Sud, II, pieces complemetaires", Paris, Institut d'Etudes Slaves, 1965". Studime Historike. Tirana: Universiteti Shteteror i Tiranes, Instituti i Historise dhe Gjuhesise. 2 (XX): 194. ISSN 0563-5799. OCLC 3648264.
26. webalbania.com Shkollës 9 vjeçare të fshatit Boboshticë
27. "Another arrest order for Disho". Archived from the original on 2014-12-26. Retrieved 2014-12-25.
28. Dafina Ismaili (2013-05-27), Korçë, të pafajshëm dhunuesit e varreve të Boboshticës, shqiptarja.com
29. Pensionet bëjnë vllehët grekë (in Albanian), Top-Channel, 2011-03-14, archived from the original on 2015-12-22, retrieved 2014-12-25
30. Robert Elsie (2010), Historical Dictionary of Albania, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, 75 (2 ed.), The Scarecrow Press, Inc., p. 472, communities are Voskopoja, Mborja, and Boboshtica.
31. Steinke, Klaus; Ylli, Xhelal (2007). Die slavischen Minderheiten in Albanien (SMA): Prespa - Vërnik - Boboshtica. Munich: Verlag Otto Sagner. p. 18. ISBN 9783866880351.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) "Vërnik [missing words!] eine völlig homogene südslavische Bevölkerung fast ohne albanische Mitbewohner gibt. Diese hat dort zudem den Status einer vom albanischen Staat offiziell anerkannten Minderheit, während Boboshtica inzwischen bis auf geringe Reste überwiegend und Drenova ganz von Albanern und Aromunen bewohnt wird. Die Beschreibung der oben erwähnten Orte und der dort gesprochenen Mundarten ist primärer Gegenstand der vorliegenden Monographie. Zu den übrigen in der Literatur häufig angeführten Ortschaften mit einer angeblich slavischen Bevölkerung wird an dieser Stelle nur eine kurze kritische Sichtung anhand der ebenfalls von uns gesammelten Informationen vorgenommen. In Drenova bei Korça, das neben Boboshtica vor allem durch die Arbeiten von MAZON (1936) und COURTHIADE (1993) bekannt wurde, gab es bis vor ein paar Jahren nur noch eine alte Frau, welche die ursprüngliche slavische Mundart beherrschte. Nach ihrem Tode spricht diese dort niemand mehr, wie Thomaidha Stefo angab, die 1942 in das Dorf einheiratete. Damals sprach man dort noch ausschließlich Bulgarisch (bullgarçe), und sie versuchte es deshalb ebenfalls zu lernen, hat es aber inzwischen wieder verlernt. Am Anfang der 60er Jahre kam eine größere Gruppe von aromunischen Siedlern nach Drenova und Boboshtica, und mit ihnen änderte sich die ethnische und sprachliche Struktur beider Orte grundlegend."
32. Friedman, Victor A. (2016). "Language Endangerment in the Balkans with Some Comparisons to the Caucasus". In Korkmaz, Ramazan; Doğan, Gürkan (eds.). Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond. Brill. p. 79. ISBN 9789004328693.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) "The isolated Macedonian dialect of Boboshtica in the Korcha region of Albania, which speakers themselves called Kajnas 'like us' is now a linguists tourist attraction performed for visiting foreign linguists by a single old women."
33. Antonín Stránský (1936), "L'église Saint-Jean de Boboščica, en Albanie", Revue des études slaves (in French), 16 (16-1-2): 77, ISSN 2117-718X
34. Ralitsa Rousseva, The Murals of the St. Demetrios Church in Boboštica: Local Traditions and Constantinople Influences in the Ecclesiastical Art of the Prespa-Korča Region in the Fourteenth Century, p. 4
35. Vani Trako passes away at the age of 86 (in Albanian)
36. Mazon, André. "Documents, contes et chansons slaves de l'Albanie du Sud", Paris, 1936, р. 382-383.