Blithe Spirit (1945 film)

Blithe Spirit is a 1945 British fantasy-comedy film directed by David Lean. The screenplay by Lean, cinematographer Ronald Neame and associate producer Anthony Havelock-Allan is based on producer Noël Coward's 1941 play of the same name, the title of which is derived from the line "Hail to thee, blithe Spirit! Bird thou never wert" in the poem "To a Skylark" by Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Blithe Spirit
UK film quad poster
Directed byDavid Lean
Produced byNoël Coward
Screenplay byDavid Lean
Ronald Neame
Anthony Havelock-Allan
Based onBlithe Spirit
1941 play
by Noël Coward
StarringRex Harrison
Constance Cummings
Kay Hammond
Margaret Rutherford
Music byRichard Addinsell
CinematographyRonald Neame
Edited byJack Harris[1]
Production
company
Distributed byGeneral Film Distributors (United Kingdom)
Release date
14 May 1945 (UK)
Running time
96 minutes
CountryUnited Kingdom
LanguageEnglish

The film features Kay Hammond and Margaret Rutherford, in the roles they created in the original production, along with Rex Harrison and Constance Cummings in the lead parts of Charles and Ruth Condomine. While not very successful at the time and a disappointing adaptation according to Coward himself, it has since come to be considered notable for its Technicolor photography and Oscar-winning visual effects in particular[2] and has been re-released several times, notably as one of the ten early David Lean features restored by the British Film Institute for release in 2008.[3]

Plot

Seeking background material for a mystery he is working on, novelist Charles Condomine invites eccentric medium Madame Arcati to his home in Lympne, Kent, to conduct a séance. As Charles, his wife Ruth and their guests, George and Violet Bradman barely restrain themselves from laughing, Madame Arcati performs peculiar rituals and finally goes into a trance. Charles then hears the voice of his dead first wife, Elvira. When he discovers that the others cannot hear her, he passes off his odd behaviour as a joke. When Arcati recovers, she is certain that something extraordinary has occurred, but everyone denies it.

After Madame Arcati and the Bradmans have left, Charles is unable to convince Ruth that he was not joking. After Ruth retires for the night, Elvira becomes visible, but only to Charles. He becomes both dismayed and amused by the situation. Relations between Charles and Ruth become strained until he persuades Elvira to act as a poltergeist and transport a vase and a chair in front of his current wife.

Ruth seeks Madame Arcati's help in sending Elvira back where she came from, but the medium professes that she does not know how. Ruth warns her disbelieving husband that Elvira is seeking to be reunited with him by arranging his demise. However, the spirit miscalculates; Ruth, not Charles, drives off in the car she has tampered with and ends up dead. A vengeful Ruth, now in spirit form, harasses Elvira to the point that she wants to leave.

In desperation, Charles seeks Madame Arcati's help. Various incantations fail, until Arcati realises that it was the Condomines' maid Edith who summoned Elvira. Arcati appears to succeed in sending the spirits away, but it soon becomes clear that both have remained. Acting on Madame Arcati's suggestion, Charles sets out on a long vacation. However, he has a fatal accident as he is driving away, and he joins Elvira and Ruth as a spirit.

Cast

Production

Coward had turned down offers from Hollywood to sell the film rights, stating that previous American versions of his plays had been "vulgarized, distorted and ruined".[4] The rights were instead sold to Cineguild, one of the independent companies supported by the Rank Organization. The film was shot in Technicolor and marked Lean's first attempt at directing comedy after working on two straight films In Which We Serve and This Happy Breed, both also written by Noël Coward. The film was shot at Denham Studios in May 1944.[5]

Nearby houses were used for exteriors: Denham Mount (Charles' and Ruth's home)[6] and Fairway in Cheapside (Madame Arcati’s house); some filming was also done at Blacksmith's Lane. One source mentions a third location: "Condomine House, exteriors".[7][8]

The play had been a major success, and Coward advised Lean not to jeopardise this with the adaptation, telling him "Just photograph it, dear boy".[9] In spite of this, Lean made a number of changes such as adding exterior scenes, whereas the play had been set entirely in a single room, showing scenes like the car journey to Folkestone which had only been referred to in the play.[10] Perhaps most importantly, the final scene, in which Charles dies and joins his two wives as a spirit, does not occur in the play, which ends with his leaving his house after taunting his former wives, of whom he is now free. Coward objected strenuously to this change, charging Cineguild with having ruined the best play he ever wrote.[11]

As with most of Coward's work, Blithe Spirit is renowned for its sophisticated dialogue. During an argument with Ruth, Charles declares, "If you're trying to compile an inventory of my sex life, I feel it only fair to warn you that you've omitted several episodes. I shall consult my diary and give you a complete list after lunch." The line, considered extremely risqué by censors, was deleted from the US release.[12]

Box office

According to Kinematograph Weekly the 'biggest winners' at the box office in 1945 Britain were The Seventh Veil, with "runners up" being (in release order), Madonna of the Seven Moons, Old Acquaintance, Frenchman's Creek, Mrs Parkington, Arsenic and Old Lace, Meet Me in St Louis, A Song to Remember, Since You Went Away, Here Come the Waves, Tonight and Every Night, Hollywood Canteen, They Were Sisters, The Princess and the Pirate, The Adventures of Susan, National Velvet, Mrs Skefflington, I Live in Grosvenor Square, Nob Hill, Perfect Strangers, Valley of Decision, Conflict and Duffy's Tavern. British "runners up" were They Were Sisters, I Live in Grosvenor Square, Perfect Strangers, Madonna of the Seven Moons, Waterloo Road, Blithe Spirit, The Way to the Stars, I'll Be Your Sweetheart, Dead of Night, Waltz Time and Henry V.[13][14]

Critical reception

Although it received positive critical reviews, the film was a box office failure on both sides of the Atlantic, but it is now widely regarded as a classic.[12]

In 1945, Variety observed:

Inasmuch as this is largely a photographed copy of the stage play ... the camerawork is outstandingly good and helps to put across the credibility of the ghost story more effectively than the flesh and blood performance does. Acting honours go to Margaret Rutherford as Mme Arcati, a trance medium who makes you believe she's on the level. There is nothing ethereal about this 200-pounder. Her dynamic personality has all the slapdash of Fairbanks Sr in his prime.[15]

Leslie Halliwell wrote:

Direction and acting carefully preserve a comedy which on its first West End appearance in 1941 achieved instant classic status. The repartee scarcely dates, and altogether this is a most polished job of film-making.[16]

In the 21st century, Daniel Etherington of Channel 4 rated it 3​1⁄2 stars out of five stars and commented:

Like a quintessentially English, supernatural take on the contemporaneous American screwball comedy, Blithe Spirit is a joy, sharing with its US counterparts fast, witty dialogue that has its origins in stage performance. Although the theatricality arguably hampers the film ... the verve of the performances, in tandem with the striking Technicolor cinematography Oscar-winning special effects, elevates it ... Rutherford almost steals the show, playing the kind of charismatically eccentric grand dame that would define her career.[17]

Awards and nominations

Tom Howard won the 1947 Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation but lost to The Picture of Dorian Gray.

DVD and Blu-ray release

In September 2004 MGM released the film on DVD in the US as one of eight titles included in the David Lean Collection. Criterion released the box sets "David Lean Directs Noël Coward" on Region A Blu-ray and Region 1 DVD in the US in 2012, both of which contained Blithe Spirit. This release features a new high-definition digital transfer of the BFI National Archive's 2008 restoration, with an uncompressed monaural soundtrack on the Blu-ray. In the UK the rights are owned by ITV and the film has been released three times on DVD, with the last release containing newly restored film and audio.

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See also

References

Notes

  1. "Blithe Spirit (1945)". The Criterion Collection. 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  2. Street, Sarah. "'In Blushing Technicolor': Colour in Blithe Spirit". Journal of British Cinema and Television. Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  3. "David Lean". Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. July 2008. Archived from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
  4. Phillips p. 76
  5. Phillips p. 79
  6. English Villa That Starred in 1940s Oscar-Winning Film
  7. Blithe Spirit (1945) Filming Locations
  8. Blithe Spirit (1945) Filming Locations
  9. Phillips p. 77
  10. Phillips pp. 77–78
  11. Neame, Ronald (2010). "The Golden Age: An Interview with Ronald Neame". Criterion Collection (Interview). Interviewed by Karen Stetler.
  12. Vermilye, Jerry, The Great British Films. Secaucus, New Jersey: Citadel Press 1978. ISBN 0-8065-0661-X, pp. 79–81
  13. Lant, Antonia (1991). Blackout : reinventing women for wartime British cinema. Princeton University Press. p. 232.
  14. Robert Murphy, Realism and Tinsel: Cinema and Society in Britain 1939–48 2003 p. 208
  15. Variety review
  16. Halliwell's Film Guide
  17. Channel 4 review

Bibliography

  • Phillips, Gene D. Beyond the epic: the life & films of David Lean. University Press of Kentucky, 2006.
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