BinCARD

Bcl10-interacting CARD protein, also known as BinCARD, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf89 gene on chromosome 9.[5][6] BinCARD is a member of the death-domain superfamily and contains a caspase recruitment domain (CARD).[7] This protein regulates apoptosis and the immune response by inhibiting Bcl10, thus implicating it in diseases stemming from Bcl10 dysfunction.[7][8]

CARD19
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesCARD19, BinCARD, bA370F5.1, C9orf89, caspase recruitment domain family member 19
External IDsOMIM: 617726 MGI: 1915730 HomoloGene: 12269 GeneCards: CARD19
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 9 (human)[1]
Band9q22.31Start93,096,217 bp[1]
End93,113,283 bp[1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

84270

68480

Ensembl

ENSG00000165233

ENSMUSG00000037960

UniProt

Q96LW7

Q9D1I2

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_032310
NM_001318010
NM_001318011

NM_026738

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001304939
NP_001304940
NP_115686

NP_081014

Location (UCSC)Chr 9: 93.1 – 93.11 MbChr 13: 49.2 – 49.22 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

BinCARD, as a CARD-containing protein, is a member of the death-domain superfamily, which shares a six—helix bundle.[7] In humans, the protein has two alternatively spliced isoforms: BinCARD-1 and BinCARD-2. Both isoforms share identical sequences until residue 101, which include the CARD domain and exons 1 to 3. The longer isoform, BinCARD-1, has an extended exon 3, while the shorter BinCARD-2 has an extra transmembrane domain.[7] The conserved CARD domain has three cysteines in its native form: Cys7, Cys77, and Cys63, of which Cys7 and Cys77 form a disulfide bond and Cys63 becomes a cysteine sulfenic acid when oxidized.[7][8]

Function

The BinCARD protein is a member of the death-domain superfamily, which is known for regulating apoptosis and the immune response.[7] BinCARD is a negative regulator that binds to, and thus blocks the phosphorylation of, Bcl10, effectively inhibiting Bcl10 from activating the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB).[7][8] In particular, the BinCARD-1 isoform contains an extended C-terminal that has been observed to bind Bcl10, though it mostly localizes to the nucleus.[7][8] The second isoform, BinCARD-2, is more abundantly expressed and localizes to both the ER and the mitochondria. This isoform is expected to contribute to apoptosis via redox processes, as its three modifiable cysteines can be oxidized by reactive oxygen species (ROS) to stimulate an innate immune response.[8]

Clinical significance

Mutations in BinCARD and other proteins containing CARD domains are linked to Bcl10-related diseases, including lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue.[8] Bcl10 has been shown to induce apoptosis and to activate NF-kappaB. This protein is reported to interact with other CARD domain containing proteins including CARD9, 10, 11 and 14, which are thought to function as upstream regulators in NF-kappaB signaling. Accordingly, BinCARD protein has a pivotal role in regulating apoptotic functions.

Because of its important biological and physiological functions, apoptosis is pivotal in many clinical constituents. During normal embryologic processes, or during cell injury (such as ischemia-reperfusion injury during heart attacks and strokes) or during developments and processes in cancer, an apoptotic cell undergoes structural changes including cell shrinkage, plasma membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, and fragmentation of the DNA and nucleus. This is followed by fragmentation into apoptotic bodies that are quickly removed by phagocytes, thereby preventing an inflammatory response.[9] It is a mode of cell death defined by characteristic morphological, biochemical and molecular changes. It was first described as a "shrinkage necrosis", and then this term was replaced by apoptosis to emphasize its role opposite mitosis in tissue kinetics. In later stages of apoptosis the entire cell becomes fragmented, forming a number of plasma membrane-bounded apoptotic bodies which contain nuclear and or cytoplasmic elements. The ultrastructural appearance of necrosis is quite different, the main features being mitochondrial swelling, plasma membrane breakdown and cellular disintegration. Apoptosis occurs in many physiological and pathological processes. It plays an important role during embryonal development as programmed cell death and accompanies a variety of normal involutional processes in which it serves as a mechanism to remove "unwanted" cells.

BinCARD has reportedly suppressed NF-kappa B activation induced by BCL10 hereby decreasing the amounts of phosphorylated Bcl10. Subsequently, mutations at the residue Leu17 or Leu65, which is highly conserved in CARD, abolished the inhibitory effects of BinCARD on both Bcl10-induced activation of NF-kappa B and phosphorylation of Bcl10. Further, expression of BinCARD inhibited Bcl10 phosphorylation induced by T cell activation signal. These results suggest that BinCARD interacts with Bcl10 to inhibit Bcl10-mediated activation of NF-kappa B and to suppress Bcl10 phosphorylation.[8] Accordingly, these processes regulating apoptosis during clinical processes such as cancer and ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Interactions

BinCARD has been shown to interact with:

gollark: It's an x86-64 system using debian or something.
gollark: > `import hashlib`Hashlib is still important!> `for entry, ubq323 in {**globals(), **__builtins__, **sys.__dict__, **locals(), CONSTANT: Entry()}.items():`Iterate over a bunch of things. I think only the builtins and globals are actually used.The stuff under here using `blake2s` stuff is actually written to be ridiculously unportable, to hinder analysis. This caused issues when trying to run it, so I had to hackily patch in the `/local` thing a few minutes before the deadline.> `for PyObject in gc.get_objects():`When I found out that you could iterate over all objects ever, this had to be incorporated somehow. This actually just looks for some random `os` function, and when it finds it loads the obfuscated code.> `F, G, H, I = typing(lookup[7]), typing(lookup[8]), __import__("functools"), lambda h, i, *a: F(G(h, i))`This is just a convoluted way to define `enumerate(range))` in one nice function.> `print(len(lookup), lookup[3], typing(lookup[3])) #`This is what actually loads the obfuscated stuff. I think.> `class iｎt(typing(lookup[0])):`Here we subclass `complex`. `complex` is used for 2D coordinates within the thing, so I added some helper methods, such as `__iter__`, allowing unpacking of complex numbers into real and imaginary parts, `abs`, which generates a complex number a+ai, and `ℝ`, which provvides the floored real parts of two things.> `class Mаtrix:`This is where the magic happens. It actually uses unicode homoglyphs again, for purposes.> `self = typing("dab7d4733079c8be454e64192ce9d20a91571da25fc443249fc0be859b227e5d")`> `rows = gc`I forgot what exactly the `typing` call is looking up, but these aren't used for anything but making the fake type annotations work.> `def __init__(rows: self, self: rows):`This slightly nonidiomatic function simply initializes the matrix's internals from the 2D array used for inputs.> `if 1 > (typing(lookup[1]) in dir(self)):`A convoluted way to get whether something has `__iter__` or not.
gollark: If you guess randomly the chance of getting none right is 35%ish.
gollark: Anyway, going through #12 in order:> `import math, collections, random, gc, hashlib, sys, hashlib, smtplib, importlib, os.path, itertools, hashlib`> `import hashlib`We need some libraries to work with. Hashlib is very important, so to be sure we have hashlib we make sure to keep importing it.> `ℤ = int`> `ℝ = float`> `Row = "__iter__"`Create some aliases for int and float to make it mildly more obfuscated. `Row` is not used directly in anywhere significant.> `lookup = [...]`These are a bunch of hashes used to look up globals/objects. Some of them are not actually used. There is deliberately a comma missing, because of weird python string concattey things.```pythondef aes256(x, X): import hashlib A = bytearray() for Α, Ҙ in zip(x, hashlib.shake_128(X).digest(x.__len__())): A.append(Α ^ Ҙ) import zlib, marshal, hashlib exec(marshal.loads(zlib.decompress(A)))```Obviously, this is not actual AES-256. It is abusing SHAKE-128's variable length digests to implement what is almost certainly an awful stream cipher. The arbitrary-length hash of our key, X, is XORed with the data. Finally, the result of this is decompressed, loaded (as a marshalled function, which is extremely unportable bytecode I believe), and executed. This is only used to load one piece of obfuscated code, which I may explain later.> `class Entry(ℝ):`This is also only used once, in `typing` below. Its `__init__` function implements Rule 110 in a weird and vaguely golfy way involving some sets and bit manipulation. It inherits from float, but I don't think this does much.> `#raise SystemExit(0)`I did this while debugging the rule 110 but I thought it would be fun to leave it in.> `def typing(CONSTANT: __import__("urllib3")):`This is an obfuscated way to look up objects and load our obfuscated code.> `return getattr(Entry, CONSTANT)`I had significant performance problems, so this incorporates a cache. This was cooler™️ than dicts.
gollark: The tiebreaker algorithm is vulnerable to any attack against Boris Johnson's Twitter account.

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000165233 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000037960 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. UniProt: Q96LW7
  6. "Entrez Gene: chromosome 9 open reading frame 89".
  7. Chen KE, Richards AA, Caradoc-Davies TT, Vajjhala PR, Robin G, Lua LH, Hill JM, Schroder K, Sweet MJ, Kellie S, Kobe B, Martin J (May 2013). "The structure of the caspase recruitment domain of BinCARD reveals that all three cysteines can be oxidized" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section D. 69 (Pt 5): 774–84. doi:10.1107/S0907444913001558. PMID 23633586.
  8. Woo HN, Hong GS, Jun JI, Cho DH, Choi HW, Lee HJ, Chung CW, Kim IK, Jo DG, Pyo JO, Bertin J, Jung YK (Dec 2004). "Inhibition of Bcl10-mediated activation of NF-kappa B by BinCARD, a Bcl10-interacting CARD protein". FEBS Letters. 578 (3): 239–44. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.10.094. PMID 15637807.
  9. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (Aug 1972). "Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics". British Journal of Cancer. 26 (4): 239–57. doi:10.1038/bjc.1972.33. PMC 2008650. PMID 4561027.
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