Bilal Powell

Bilal Powell (born October 27, 1988) is an American football running back who is a free agent. He was drafted by the Jets in the fourth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Louisville. As of November 2019, Powell was the longest-tenured active member of the New York Jets.[1]

Bilal Powell
Powell in the 2017 NFL season.
Free agent
Position:Running back
Personal information
Born: (1988-10-27) October 27, 1988
Lakeland, Florida
Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Weight:204 lb (93 kg)
Career information
High school:Lake Gibson
(Lakeland, Florida)
College:Louisville
NFL Draft:2011 / Round: 4 / Pick: 126
Career history
Career highlights and awards
  • All-Big East First Team (2010)
Career NFL statistics as of 2019
Rushing yards:3,675
Rushing average:4.3
Rushing touchdowns:15
Receptions:211
Receiving yards:1,600
Receiving touchdowns:5
Player stats at NFL.com

Early years

Powell attended and played football for Lake Gibson High School.[2] He received offers from Michigan State and Southern Miss and chose to attend Louisville.[3]

College career

Powell attended and played college football for the University of Louisville from 2007–2010.[4]

2007 season

As a freshman, Powell contributed on offense and special teams. He was part of a shared backfield that included Anthony Allen, Brock Bolen, George Striping, and Sergio Spencer.[5] On October 27, he had 25 rushing yards and ten receiving yards against Pitt.[6] His role expanded in the game against South Florida with 70 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, two receptions, 15 receiving yards, and six returns for 141 net yards.[7] In his final appearance of his freshman season, he had 91 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, and seven kick returns for 178 net yards against Rutgers.[8][9]

2008 season

As a sophomore, Powell continued to contribute for the Cardinals. He became the third running back behind Vic Anderson and Brock Bolen.[10] On September 26, he had 112 rushing yards and a touchdown against Connecticut.[11] On November 22, against West Virginia, he had 77 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown.[12][13]

2009 season

As a junior, Powell led the team in rushes. He, Darius Ashley, and Vic Anderson dominated the share of carries for the Cardinals.[14] In the season opener against Indiana State, he had 76 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown.[15] On October 17, against Connecticut, he had 87 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns to go along with three receptions for 15 yards.[16] On Halloween, against Arkansas State, he had season-highs with 93 rushing yards and 31 receiving yards.[17][18]

2010 season

As a senior, Powell dominated the carries for the Cardinals.[19] In the season opener against Kentucky, he had 153 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown.[20] He followed that up with 92 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns against Eastern Kentucky.[21] In the next game, he had 83 rushing yards, a rushing touchdown, and 21 receiving yards against Oregon State.[22] In the following game against Arkansas State, he had 157 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, 65 receiving yards, and one receiving touchdown.[23] On October 9, against Memphis, he had 204 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns.[24] On October 15, he ran for a season-high of 209 yards and 2 touchdowns against Cincinnati.[25] He followed that up with 105 rushing yards against Connecticut in the next game.[26] On November 13, against South Florida, he had 140 rushing yards.[27] On November 26, against Rutgers, he had 123 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, 28 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns in the victory.[28] In the final game of his collegiate career, he had 75 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the victory over Southern Miss in the 2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl.[29] He was named to the All-Big East Conference first team[30] after rushing for 1,330 yards and 10 touchdowns in 11 games for the Cardinals.[31] [32] Prior to the 2011 NFL Draft, Powell was invited to the 2011 Senior Bowl.[33]

College statistics

Bilal Powell Rushing Receiving
YearTeamAttYardsAverageTDsRecYardsTDs
2007Louisville241877.823250
2008Louisville753544.7212580
2009Louisville1083923.64121030
2010Louisville2291,4056.111181583
College Totals4362,3385.419453443

Professional career

Pre-draft measurables
Height Weight Arm length Hand size 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press
5 ft 11 in
(1.80 m)
207 lb
(94 kg)
30 78 in
(0.78 m)
8 34 in
(0.22 m)
4.51 s 1.53 s 2.64 s 18 reps
Values taken from NFL Combine and Pro Day workout.[34][35]
Powell running against the St. Louis Rams in 2012

Powell was drafted by the New York Jets in the fourth round with the 126th overall selection in the 2011 NFL Draft.[36] He was the 14th running back to be selected that year.[37][38]

2011 season

On July 29, 2011, Powell signed a 4-year rookie contract worth $3,226,500 with $400,500 guaranteed.[39][40]

Powell made his NFL debut on November 17, 2011, against the Denver Broncos.[41] Powell would finish the 2011 season by playing in only two games. In those two games, Powell ran for 21 yards on 13 attempts and had one reception for 7 yards.[42]

2012 season

On November 18, 2012, Powell ran for 42 yards on 11 carries and a season-high two touchdowns against the St. Louis Rams, his first multiple-touchdown game of his career.[43][44] On November 22, 2012, Powell ran for 40 yards on 12 carries and a touchdown against the New England Patriots.[45] On December 2, 2012, Powell ran for 58 yards on 12 carries against the Arizona Cardinals.[46][47] On December 9, 2012, Powell ran for a season-high 78 yards on 19 carries and a touchdown against the Jacksonville Jaguars.[48][49] Powell scored his fourth touchdown of the season, and also had a season-high in carries. Powell finished his second professional season running for 437 yards on 110 carries and 4 touchdowns and catching 17 passes for 140 yards.[50]

2013 season

On September 22, 2013, Powell ran for 149 yards on 27 carries and a touchdown against the Buffalo Bills.[51][52] Powell ran for a 21-yard touchdown.[53] On September 29, Powell ran for 66 yards on 14 carries against the Tennessee Titans.[54][55] Against the Titans, Powell also recorded a 36-yard reception.[56] On December 22, 2013, Powell recorded a 39-yard run against the Cleveland Browns.[57] On December 29, 2013, Powell ran for 76 yards on 21 carries against the Miami Dolphins.[58] Powell also threw a pass to tight end Jeff Cumberland for 30 yards.[59] Powell finished the 2013 season with 697 rushing yards on 176 carries and a touchdown and 272 receiving yards on 36 passes.[60]

2014 season

On October 26, 2014, Powell ran for his only touchdown of the season against the Buffalo Bills.[61] Powell finished the 2014 season with 141 rushing yards on 33 carries and 92 receiving yards on 11 catches.[62]

2015 season

On March 14, 2015, Powell signed a one-year, $2 million contract with the New York Jets.[40][63]

On September 13, 2015, Powell ran for 62 yards on 12 carries against the Cleveland Browns.[64] On September 27, 2015, Powell caught 7 passes for 44 yards against the Philadelphia Eagles.[65] On November 22, 2016, Powell caught five passes for 67 yards against the Houston Texans.[66] On December 6, 2015, Powell caught 8 passes for 91 yards and a touchdown against the New York Giants.[67] Powell recorded a 25-yard touchdown.[68] On December 13, 2015, Powell caught five passes for 46 yards and a touchdown against the Tennessee Titans.[69] On December 19, 2015, Powell caught seven passes for 54 yards against the Dallas Cowboys .[70] Powell also recorded his first rushing touchdown of the season. On December 27, 2015, Powell ran for 56 yards on seven carries in the against the New England Patriots.[71]

Powell finished the 2015 season with 313 rushing yards on 70 carries and a touchdown and 388 receiving yards on 47 catches and two touchdowns.[72]

2016 season

On March 10, 2016, Powell signed a three-year, $11,250,000 contract with the New York Jets.[40][73]

On September 11, 2016, Powell ran for 41 yards on 4 carries in the season-opener against the Cincinnati Bengals.[74] On September 25, 2016, Powell caught 6 passes for 41 yards against the Kansas City Chiefs.[75] He also recorded a fumble, which he lost.[76] On October 2, 2016, Powell caught six passes for 54 yards against the Seattle Seahawks.[77] On October 30, 2016, he ran for 76 yards on 6 carries and a touchdown against the Cleveland Browns.[78][79] His 35-yard touchdown was the longest Jets touchdown run since Chris Ivory ran 71-yards in 2014 against the Oakland Raiders,.[78] On November 13, 2016, Powell caught seven passes for 52 yards and a touchdown against the Los Angeles Rams.[80] He was able to score the touchdown on a lateral trick play.[81] On December 11, 2016, he ran for a season-high 145 yards on 29 carries and two touchdowns against the San Francisco 49ers.[82] His two touchdowns were a 5-yard score and a 19-yard score, which was the game-winning touchdown in overtime.[83][84][85] This was also his first 100-yard game of the season,[86] and the second of his career while he also became only the second Jets player since 1975 to rush for at least 145 yards and at least two touchdowns in a road game.[86][82] Powell's 19-yard touchdown in overtime was the first rushing touchdown in overtime in team history.[82] Overall, in the 2016 season, he finished with 722 rushing yards, three rushing touchdowns, 58 receptions, 388 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns.[87]

2017 season

On August 26, 2017 during a preseason game against the New York Giants, Powell caught four passes for 110 yards and a touchdown. He recorded an 85-yard pass completion, the longest in the preseason since Lam Jones in 1980. With his 110 receiving yards, he became the first Jets running back since at least 1970 with at least 100 receiving yards in a preseason game.[88]

During Week 4 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Powell rushed for 163 yards, including one for a 75-yard touchdown, as the Jets won 23–20 in overtime.[89] In Week 16, against the Los Angeles Chargers, he had 145 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown.[90] Overall, in the 2017 season, he finished with a career-high 772 rushing yards, five rushing touchdowns, 23 receptions, and 170 receiving yards.[91]

2018 season

Powell started the first seven games of the season, recording 343 rushing yards with no touchdowns along with 11 receptions for 110 yards and one touchdown.[92] He suffered a neck injury in Week 7 and was placed on injured reserve on October 24, 2018.[93]

2019 season

On June 7, 2019, Powell re-signed with the Jets.[94] In the 2019 season, Powell appeared in 13 games, of which he started one, and recorded 59 carries for 229 rushing yards.[95]

  Rushing Receiving Fumbles
SeasonTeamGPAttYdsAvgYds/GLongTDRecYdsLongTDFumLost
2011NYJ213211.610.560177010
2012NYJ141104374.031.21841714016000
2013NYJ161766974.043.63913627236010
2014NYJ15331414.39.4151119220000
2015NYJ11703134.528.52414738825220
2016NYJ161317225.545.13535838822211
2017NYJ151787724.351.57552317031011
2018NYJ7803434.349.03801111028121
2019NYJ13592293.917.61707339000
Career total 1098503,6754.333.775152111,60036583

[96]

Personal life

Powell is a Christian.[97] Powell is married to Jessica Powell. The married couple have two children: Tavis and Nya.[98]

gollark: This just offloads the things to the stuff.
gollark: It's not like, on the internet, you could accurately attain pronouns easily anyway.
gollark: Idea: design apiaristic intelligence™ to detect (some classes of) sarcasm.
gollark: But this is longer and bad?
gollark: Yes. It's ridiculous for you to even imagine that Macron could ever exist.

References

  1. Allen, Eric (June 10, 2019). "Don't Call it a Combeack: Jets Sign RB Bilal Powell".
  2. Camini, Rich (April 30, 2011). "Bilal Powell: A 'Blind Side' life story". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  3. "Bilal Powell Recruit Interests". 247sports.com. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  4. "Bilal Powell College Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  5. "2007 Louisville Cardinals Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  6. "Pitt at Louisville Box Score, October 27, 2007". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  7. "Louisville at South Florida Box Score, November 17, 2007". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  8. "Rutgers at Louisville Box Score, November 29, 2007". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  9. "Bilal Powell 2007 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  10. "2008 Louisville Cardinals Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  11. "Connecticut at Louisville Box Score, September 26, 2008". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  12. "West Virginia at Louisville Box Score, November 22, 2008". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  13. "Bilal Powell 2008 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  14. "2009 Louisville Cardinals Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  15. "Indiana State at Louisville Box Score, September 5, 2009". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  16. "Louisville at Connecticut Box Score, October 17, 2009". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  17. "Arkansas State at Louisville Box Score, October 31, 2009". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  18. "Bilal Powell 2009 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  19. "2010 Louisville Cardinals Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  20. "Kentucky at Louisville Box Score, September 4, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  21. "Eastern Kentucky at Louisville Box Score, September 11, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  22. "Louisville at Oregon State Box Score, September 18, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  23. "Louisville at Arkansas State Box Score, October 2, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  24. "Memphis at Louisville Box Score, October 9, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  25. "Cincinnati at Louisville Box Score, October 15, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  26. "Connecticut at Louisville Box Score, October 23, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  27. "South Florida at Louisville Box Score, November 13, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  28. "Louisville at Rutgers Box Score, November 26, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  29. "Beef O'Brady's Bowl - Southern Mississippi vs Louisville Box Score, December 21, 2010". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  30. BIG EAST Announces 2010 Postseason Football Honors Archived January 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine BigEast.org
  31. "Bilal Powell 2010 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  32. "Bilal Powell Stats, News, Bio". ESPN. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  33. Rutherford, Mike (December 10, 2010). "Bilal Powell headed to the Senior Bowl". Card Chronicle. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  34. "Bilal Powell". NFL Draft Scout. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  35. "Bilal Powell". National Football League. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  36. Cimini, Rich (April 30, 2011). "Rapid Reaction: Jets draft Powell in fourth". ESPN. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2011.
  37. "Draft Finder Query Results". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  38. "2011 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  39. Vrentas, Jenny (July 29, 2011). "Jets sign rookies Bilal Powell, Greg McElroy, Scotty McKnight". NJ.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  40. Overthecap.com. "Bilal Powell Contract Details, Salary Cap Charges, Bonus Money | Over The Cap". Over the Cap. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  41. Vrentas, Jenny (November 7, 2011). "RB Bilal Powell, WR Eron Riley make Jets debut vs. Broncos". NJ.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  42. "Bilal Powell 2011 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  43. "New York Jets at St. Louis Rams - November 18th, 2012". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  44. "Jets' Bilal Powell returns from concussion last week to score first two career touchdowns". NJ.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  45. Walder, Seth (November 23, 2012). "Jets Insider: Tebow a pain in the ribs". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  46. "Arizona Cardinals at New York Jets - December 2nd, 2012". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  47. "Monday Morning Takeaway – Week 13". Fantasy Football Fanatics. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  48. "New York Jets at Jacksonville Jaguars - December 9th, 2012". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  49. Armstrong, Kevin (December 9, 2012). "Powell, Greene carry the day for Jets". NY Daily News. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  50. "Bilal Powell 2012 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  51. "Buffalo Bills at New York Jets - September 22nd, 2013". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  52. Hanzus, Dan (September 23, 2013). "Chris Ivory could miss extended time for New York Jets". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  53. "New York Jets running back Bilal Powell 21-yard run". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  54. "New York Jets at Tennessee Titans - September 29th, 2013". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  55. "Tennessee Titans defeat New York Jets 38-13; Jake Locker leaves game with hip injury". Clarksville, TN Online. September 30, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  56. "New York Jets running back Bilal Powell 36-yard catch and run". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  57. "Smith leads Jets past Browns". The Blade. December 22, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  58. Rauch, Tyson (December 30, 2013). "Geno Smith's Inspired Play Helps Jets Knock Dolphins Out Of Playoffs". CBS New York. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  59. "New York Jets running back Bilal Powell throws to tight end Jeff Cumberland". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  60. "Bilal Powell 2013 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  61. Domin, Hank (October 26, 2014). "Bills-Jets results and recap: Kyle Orton throws 4 touchdown passes in Buffalo's 43-23 win". syracuse.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  62. "Bilal Powell 2014 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  63. Cimini, Rich (March 10, 2015). "Jets agree to re-sign RB Powell, source says". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  64. Martin, Kimberley (September 13, 2015). "Jets beat Browns to start Bowles Era on winning note". Newsday. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  65. owencondon (September 28, 2015). "Brandon Marshall thinks football is kill the carrier, the Jets still don't have a quarterback and other stuff happened…..The Jets aren't back". One Minute Sports. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  66. Cimini, Rich (November 22, 2015). "Bilal Powell up, Ryan Fitzpatrick, Darrelle Revis down in Jets' loss". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  67. Cimini, Rich (December 6, 2015). "Ryan Fitzpatrick up, special teams down in Jets' thrilling win". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  68. "Jets Ryan Fitzpatrick finds Bilal Powell for 25-yard TD". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  69. Rieber, Anthony (December 13, 2015). "Chris Ivory, Jets run all over Titans in win". Newsday. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  70. Cimini, Rich (December 20, 2015). "Ryan Fitzpatrick does it again, rallies Jets to another comeback win". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  71. Allen, Eric (December 27, 2015). "EA's 7 Takeaways Jets-Patriots". Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  72. "Bilal Powell 2015 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  73. Hanzus, Dan (March 10, 2016). "Transactions roundup: Jets re-sign Bilal Powell". NFL.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  74. Siebert, Ben (September 11, 2016). "Bilal Powell doesn't live up to expectations in loss". www.fantasypros.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  75. Allen, Eric (September 25, 2016). "Instant Analysis: Jets-Chiefs". Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  76. "Bilal Powell fumbles, giving Chiefs prime field position". NFL.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  77. Kasharian, Kyle (October 2, 2016). "Jets vs. Seahawks final score: New York struggles in 27-17 home loss to Seattle". Jets Wire. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  78. Lange, Randy (October 30, 2016). "10 Observations: Jets Roar Past Browns 31-28". Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  79. NFL (October 30, 2016), Bilal Powell's Huge 35-Yard TD Run! | Jets vs. Browns | NFL, retrieved November 14, 2016
  80. "Jets' Bilal Powell: Racks up 89 yards in loss". CBSSports.com. November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  81. "Jets Crazy Trick Play Gets Bilal Powell the TD". YouTube. November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  82. Cimini, Rich (December 12, 2016). "Jets' Bilal Powell takes handoff to win game, gives handoff to stranger". ESPN.com. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  83. "Highlight: Bilal Powell 5-Yard TD". Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  84. "Bilal Powell Career Touchdown Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  85. "Inside the Film Room: Powell's Game-Winning TD". Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  86. "Bilal Powell 100-Yard Rushing Games | The Football Database". FootballDB.com. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
  87. "Bilal Powell 2016 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  88. Lange, Randy (August 26, 2017). "5 Takeaways from Jets' 32-31 loss to Giants". New York Jets. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  89. "Jacksonville Jaguars at New York Jets - October 1st, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  90. "Los Angeles Chargers at New York Jets - December 24th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  91. "Bilal Powell 2017 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
  92. "Bilal Powell 2018 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
  93. Allen, Eric (October 24, 2018). "Jets Place RB Bilal Powell on Injured Reserve, Sign S Ibraheim Campbell". NewYorkJets.com. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  94. Smith, Michael David (June 7, 2019). "Jets sign Bilal Powell". Pro Football Talk. NBC Sports.
  95. "Bilal Powell 2019 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 12, 2020.
  96. "Bilal Powell". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
  97. "VIDEO: A Change of Direction - Bilal Powell". The Increase.
  98. Ozernova, Milena. "The National Football League: Dad Edition". New York Family.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.