Bickleigh Castle

Bickleigh Castle is a fortified manor house that stands on the banks of the River Exe at Bickleigh in Devon, England. Once considerably larger, Bickleigh now comprises a group of buildings from various periods which together formed a water castle.

Bickleigh Castle
Bickleigh Castle, Gatehouse
LocationBickleigh in Devon, England
Coordinates50°51′05″N 3°30′45″W
Listed Building – Grade I
Official name: Bickleigh Castle Gatehouse
Designated28 August 1987[1]
Reference no.1325638
Listed Building – Grade II*
Official name: Bickleigh Castle chapel - including walls to enclosure to south and west
Designated28 August 1987[2]
Reference no.1325639
Listed Building – Grade II*
Official name: Old Court
Designated24 October 1951[3]
Reference no.1106959
Listed Building – Grade II
Official name: Bickleigh Castle, north range
Designated28 August 1987[4]
Reference no.1170452
Location of Bickleigh Castle in Devon

The main building was destroyed during the English Civil War, however other buildings, mostly arranged around a central courtyard survived. The castle is frequently open to the public by appointment, but it serves principally as a bespoke wedding venue. The River Exe runs through the grounds.

History

A Norman motte castle of the late 11th or early 12th century was dismantled in the mid 12th century. During this time a small stone chapel was built in the bailey. In the 15th century the Courtenay family built a mansion on the site and incorporated some of the earlier buildings. The Courtenay and Carew families then lived there until the English Civil War,[1] and the Carews owned the Estate until 1924.

During the English Civil War Charles I's queen, Henrietta Maria stayed in the castle as a guest of Sir Henry & Lady Dorothy Carew in 1644, on her way to Exeter. Shortly after her visit she gave birth to Princess Henrietta Anne Stuart, who later married Le Duc d'Orléans, the bisexual brother of King Louis XIV of France; there is a plaque commemorating the birth of the Princess in Exeter, which is now displayed in the Princesshay Shopping Centre. The Queen then exiled herself in July 1644 from Falmouth, and did not return until the 1660s. Subsequently, at the end of 1645, Fairfax's Parliamentarian troops attacked the castle, after 'slighting' neighbouring Tiverton Castle. The bulk of the castellated structure was then demolished by Parliamentarian troops. The 'slighting' of Bickleigh was a response to the Royalist sympathies of the Carew family and its use as a stronghold during the conflict with the main manor house and inner keep being destroyed.[5]

Following the Restoration, a typical Devon farmhouse of cob and thatch was added.

The buildings subsequently fell into disrepair, and became a farm store and cottage until they were restored early in the 20th century. The Norman chapel and a 12th-century gatehouse still exist, as does the 15th-century Courthouse and parts of the original Norman curtain wall. On a small hill behind the castle, encased amongst rhododendrons, are the remains of the Saxon 'motte' (watchtower).

Buildings

The west range no longer survives. A building now known as the "Old Court" is south of the courtyard. Along with the North range and gatehouse most of the buildings were arranged around a central courtyard. The chapel is east of the rest of the buildings close to the River Exe. Moat Cottage is north of the other buildings.

Gatehouse

The gatehouse dates from the early 12th century and is a Grade I listed building. It is a three-storey single-depth plan stone structure with an asbestos slate roof surmounted by turrets. A central carriage archway leads into a courtyard. The building was substantially altered in the 15th century by the Courtenay family, and restored in the 1920s and 1930s during the ownerships of Mr Francis Harper and Lt Col Jasper Henson.[1]

The chapel at Bickleigh Castle, reputed to be Saxon

The Sanctuary of the chapel pre-dates the Norman additions and alterations. The first documentary evidence of this building is circa AD600 probably before the Saxons arrived circa AD 660, with further documentary reference to it being a chapel circa AD800s. The Sanctuary is the oldest part no doubt altered during that time. There is archeological evidence of a wall at the west end of the Sanctuary with an arch, dividing it from the then nave. This was demolished when the nave was enlarged and replaced with a wooden Rood Screen. The current "wagon roof" dating from the 15th century.[2] It is often cited as the oldest complete building in Devon.[6] It was substantially renovated in the early 20th century.[2] The rood screen was unfortunately lost during the 19th century when the Chapel was temporarily used to house cattle. The Chapel currently (2017) enjoys the benefit of a recently restored Estey organ dating from 1884.

Old Court

The Old Court is south of the range around the courtyard. It was built in the mid-fifteenth century as a Magistrates' Court for Thomas, the 6th Earl of Devon, who was executed after the Battle of Towton in 1461; however, it has been revised and added to many times and part of the structure may have been demolished. It may have formed a hall house covered by a five arch braced jointed truss cruck roof.[3] After the English Civil War, when the Castle was severely damaged, it became a residence, and may well have had some of the alterations made at that time. It is believed an underground passage connects the Old Court to the Keep Gatehouse at a point in the Keep Gatehouse where a room has been bricked up.

North Range

The North Range was built in the latter half of the 17th century and served as a farmhouse, housing staff for the owner, Sir Henry Carew, Kt. It is a two-storey building with a thatched roof. In the left end room is a 16th-century overmantel (c.1550) carved with scenes relating to the Reformation and specifically the trial and execution of Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter & Earl of Devon, Sir Nicholas Carew, and Henry Pole at the Tower of London in January 1539 following the alleged 'Exeter Conspiracy'; in the carving is a stylised depiction of the City of Exeter and the Inner Keep of Bickleigh Castle. King Henry VIII is also depicted. A part of the carving may also relate to the role of the Carew family in putting down the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549. The building was restored in the 1930s.[4] The carving was originally in the part of the Castle demolished by the Parliamentarian Forces in the Civil War; for safe-keeping, it was stored in the vaults of Exeter Cathedral until the 1930s, when it was returned to the owner, Lt Col Jasper Henson, after a chance conversation with William Cecil, Bishop of Exeter, and eventually installed in its current position.

Moat Cottage

Moat Cottage which stands to the north of the other buildings was constructed in the late 16th century. It is a stone building with a thatched roof.

Stable block

The thatched former stable block was rebuilt in the 19th century on the site of an earlier building. It is surmounted by a turret clock, and has now been converted into accommodation and reception rooms.[7]

Grounds

It is set in 60 acres (24 ha) of grounds of which 5 acres (2.0 ha) are landscaped.[8] The outer wall, gardens and fish ponds in front of the Keep Gatehouse were landscaped during the ownership of Sir Thomas Carew, Bt., in the 18th Century. The ponds were created from the remnants of the Norman moat. The garden walls, gate piers and gates are also designated as listed buildings.[9]

Current use

The Castle was open to the public from 1970 to 1990 and was visited by 20,000 people each year.[10] The Castle is currently open to public visitors by prior appointment; guided tours last approximately one hour.

The Castle and surrounding buildings are now used principally to host prestigious bespoke Weddings, and also House Parties, Events and Bed & Breakfast.[11]

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References
  1. "Bickleigh Castle Gatehouse". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  2. "Bickleigh Castle chapel - including walls to enclosure to south and west". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  3. "Old Court". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  4. "Bickleigh Castle, north range". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  5. "Historical Timeline". Bickerleigh Castle. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  6. "Bickleigh Castle". touruk. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
  7. "Former stable block in courtyard to - the north west of Bickleigh Castle". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  8. "Bickleigh Castle". Garden Visit. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  9. "Garden walls, gatepiers and gates to the east of Bickleigh Castle". National Heritage List for England. Historic England. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  10. Norwood, Graham (12 May 2003). "How can a castle earn its keep?". Telegraph. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  11. "Bickleigh Castle". Country Holiday House. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016.

Further reading
  • Boxall, O. N. (1979). A Short History of Bickleigh Castle. Bickleigh. ASIN B002R6IHY6.
  • Fry, Plantagenet Somerset, The David & Charles Book of Castles, David & Charles, 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3
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