Betsi Cadwaladr

Betsi Cadwaladr (24 May 1789 – 17 July 1860), also known as Beti Cadwaladr[1] and Betsi Davis,[2] worked as a nurse in the Crimean War alongside Florence Nightingale, although their different social backgrounds were a source of constant disagreement.[3] Her name today is synonymous with the Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (Welsh: Bwrdd Iechyd Prifysgol Betsi Cadwaladr), the largest health organisation in Wales. In 2016, she was named as one of "the 50 greatest Welsh men and women of all time".[4] and was placed ahead of such famous Welsh individuals as the singer Tom Jones, the actor Anthony Hopkins, T.E. Lawrence and Ivor Novello.

Betsi Cadwaladr
Betsi Cadwaladr
Born
Elizabeth 'Betsi' Cadwaladr

(1789-05-24)24 May 1789
Llanycil, near Bala, Wales
DiedJuly 17, 1860(1860-07-17) (aged 71)
London
NationalityWelsh
CitizenshipBritish
OccupationNurse
Years active1855
RelativesDafydd Cadwaladr

Background

Elizabeth 'Betsi' Cadwaladr was born in 1789 at Llanycil, near Bala, Wales, one of 16 children to Methodist preacher Dafydd Cadwaladr.[5][6] She grew up on Pen Rhiw Farm, Llanycil, and her mother died when she was only five years old.[7] Very soon after this she was given a copy of the Bible as a present from Thomas Charles (a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist clergyman who had famously also given a copy to Mary Jones), something which Betsi appreciated greatly, and which she felt now gave her some purpose to life.[3]

Her early work

Cadwaladr got employment locally as a maid at Plas yn Dre, where she learned housework, to speak English, and to play the triple harp. She was not happy there, though, and aged 14 she escaped through a bedroom window using tied sheets, and left Bala. She obtained employment as a domestic servant in Liverpool.[3] At some point in her life she changed her surname to Davis because it was easy to pronounce,[2] though some sources state that she was actually born as Elizabeth Davis.[8][9] She later returned to Wales, but subsequently fled to London to avoid marriage, living with her sister. Here in London she first encountered the theatre, which became a great interest to her.[10]

Working as a maid and assistant, she had the opportunity to travel widely around the world, which gave her a taste for travel. She was in France at the time of the Battle of Waterloo, and she visited the battlefield where she was moved by the plight of the injured. In 1820, aged 31, she again returned to Bala, which she now considered 'dull',[10] so she became a maid to a ship's captain and travelled for years, visiting such places as South America, Africa and Australia. At times she performed Shakespeare on board ship, and met such people as William Carey, the missionary, and Bishop Heber, the hymn-writer. At this time she was not trained in nursing, but during the course of her time on board ship she became involved in the care of the sick, and she also delivered babies.[7] Despite her stubbornness and independence, Cadwaladr herself claimed that in the course of her travels she was proposed to by over 20 men.[3]

Her work as a nurse

On returning to Britain, she decided to train as a nurse at Guy's, a London hospital.[5] Following her training, at the age of 65 she joined the military nursing service with the intention of working in the Crimea, despite the attempts of her sister Bridget to dissuade her.[3] Florence Nightingale (who came from a privileged background) did not want the Welsh working-class Cadwaladr to go, saying that if Betsi went to the Crimea, it would be against her will, and that Betsi would have to be made over to another superintendent. Betsi responded, "Do you think I am a dog or an animal to make me over? I have a will of my own."[7] (Nightingale's opinion of the Welsh stemmed from the publication of a report – the so-called Treachery of the Blue Books – which portrayed the Welsh as lacking both basic education and morality.[11])

Cadwaladr was subsequently posted to a hospital in Scutari, Turkey, a hospital being run by Florence Nightingale. Cadwaladr worked there for some months, but there were frequent clashes between the two; they came from very different social backgrounds and were a generation apart in age (31 years). Nightingale was a stickler for rules and bureaucracy, some of which she set up; indeed, she was also famed as a statistician. Cadwaladr often side-stepped regulations to react more intuitively to the ever-changing needs of the injured soldiers.[2] Whilst Nightingale subsequently acknowledged Cadwaladr's work and the progress that she made against the unhygienic conditions,[8] the two fell out to such a degree that Cadwaladr, by now aged over 65, moved by choice from the hospital, nearer to the frontline at Balaclava.[2] Here, apart from her nursing work and her supervision of the camp kitchens, she again gained notoriety for her fight with bureaucracy to ensure that necessary supplies got through.[5] Nightingale visited Balaclava twice and, on seeing the changes brought about by Cadwaladr's methods, gave her the credit she was due.[7]

Death
Headstone placed on her grave in 2012

Conditions in the Crimea eventually took their toll on Cadwaladr's health, as she was ill with cholera and dysentery when she returned to Britain in 1855, a year before the war ended. She lived in London, again at her sister's house, during which time she wrote her autobiography.[1] She died in 1860, five years after her return, and was buried in the pauper's section of Abney Park Cemetery in north London.[5] A new memorial stone was placed on her grave in August 2012.[2]

Royal College of Nursing in Wales

On Nurses' Day 2005, as requested by the then RCN Welsh Board Chair, Eirlys Warrington, Professor Donna M Mead OBE OStJ FRCN, addressed the Royal College of Nursing in Wales. The topic was ‘Nursing, Now and Then’. Inevitably, the accomplishments of nursing pioneers such as Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole were mentioned. It was asserted that it was time that Wales acknowledged its own nursing heroine and Professor Mead, supported by the Royal College of Nursing in Wales, became the leading advocate for celebrating Betsi Cadwaladr’s considerable achievements.

Since 2005 there have been many developments, including the RCN Wales biennial Betsi Cadwaladr Lecture which has been presented by:

  • 2006 Sue Essex AM (Assembly member) who delivered the inaugural lecture
  • 2008 Professor Julian Tudor Hart who in the 1970s wrote the inverse care law.
  • 2010 Julie Morgan MP, now Assembly Member
  • 2012 Christine Mary Evans MB ChB MD FRCS FRCS Ed, Retired Consultant Urologist
  • 2014 Roy Lilley, NHS Writer, Broadcaster & Commentator
  • 2017 Dame Rosemary Butler DBE former Assembly member and Presiding Officer, Welsh Assembly

In 2014 a Western Mail survey of the 50 greatest Welsh people of all time rated Betsi Cadwallydr at 38; this was rated higher than notable individuals such as the singer Tom Jones (39), the actor Anthony Hopkins (46), the songwriter Ivor Novello (44) and sportsmen such as Ryan Giggs (50) and John Charles (48).

To commemorate the centenary of International Women's Day in 2011 the National Federation of Women's Institutes - Wales (NFWI-Wales) organised 3 events, one each in Cardiff, Llangollen and Carmarthen. Contributors at each event were asked to select a woman who had been inspirational and to speak about her. Professor Donna Mead, who spoke in Carmarthen selected Betsi Cadwaladr. Following the event, The NFWI-Wales produced a booklet containing the presentations from across Wales. It transpired that Betsi Cadwaladr had also been selected by Gretta Cartwright who spoke in Llangollen, so Betsi had two entries in that publication.[12]

Works
  • Autobiography of Elizabeth Davis, 1857. Republished as Betsy Cadwaladyr: A Balaclava Nurse Honno, 2015. ISBN 9781909983274
  • Hart, JT (1971). "The Inverse Care Law". Lancet. 1: 405–12. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92410-x.
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References
  1. Welsh National Heroes by Alun Roberts, Y Lolfa, 2002
  2. "'Other' Crimea War nurse honoured". 2 August 2012 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  3. Radio Cymru, a conversation with Lyn Ebenezer, published in the Cwrs Uwch, Bangor University, 2003
  4. "The 50 Greatest Welsh Men and Women of All Time". Wales Online.
  5. Live, North Wales (24 April 2011). "Memorial plans to honour Betsi Cadwaladr". northwales.
  6. "Wales, Merionethshire, Parish Registers, 1538–1912", index, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/KCG2-WBD : accessed 28 February 2015), Elizabeth Cadwaladr, 1789.
  7. "Health: Get the latest health and medical news from". WalesOnline. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  8. Board, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health. "Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board - Who Was Betsi Cadwaladr?". www.wales.nhs.uk. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  9. "BBC – North West Wales Public Life – Betsy Cadwaladyr".
  10. Discover Gwynedd – List Page Archived 19 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  11. "Health: Get the latest health and medical news from WalesOnline". www.walesonline.co.uk.
  12. NFWI-Wales (2011) A Celebration of Women's Achievements over the last 100 years and beyond: Inspirational Stories of Women from across the World. NFWI-Wales Cardiff

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