Bidens

Bidens is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The common names beggarticks, black jack, burr marigolds, cobbler's pegs, Spanish needles, stickseeds, tickseeds and tickseed sunflowers refer to the fruits of the plants, most of which are bristly and barbed, with two sharp pappi at the end. The generic name refers to the same character; Bidens comes from the Latin bis ("two") and dens ("tooth").[3]

"Sticktight" redirects here. For the sticktight flea, see Echidnophaga gallinacea.

Bidens
Bidens pilosa, fruiting head and flower head
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Supertribe: Helianthodae
Tribe: Coreopsideae
Genus: Bidens
L.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Ceratocephalus Cass.
  • Campylotheca Cass.
  • Microlecane Sch.Bip. ex Benth. & Hook.f.
  • Diatonta Walp.
  • Microlecana Sch.Bip.
  • Delucia DC.
  • Bidens sect. Eubidens Boerl.
  • Dolichotheca Cass.
  • Forbicina Ség.
  • Edwarsia Neck.
  • Kerneria Moench
  • Ceratocephalus Vaill.
  • Bidens subg. Kerneria Cass.
  • Bidens sect. Adenolepis Boerl.

Propagation
Bidens cypselae sticking to a sleeve

The plants are zoochorous; their seeds will stick to clothing, fur or feathers, and be carried to new habitat. This has enabled them to colonize a wide range, including many oceanic islands. Some of these species occur only in a very restricted range and several are now threatened with extinction, notably in the Hawaiian Islands. Due to the absence of native mammals on these islands, some of the oceanic island taxa have reduced burrs, evolving features that seem to aid in dispersal by the wind instead.

Distribution

Bidens is distributed throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world.[4] Most species occur in the Americas, Africa, and Polynesia, and there are some in Europe and Asia.[5] Bidens is closely related to the American genus Coreopsis, and the genera are sometimes difficult to tell apart; in addition, neither is monophyletic.[6]

On the Hawaiian Islands, Bidens are called kokoʻolau or koʻokoʻolau.[7]

Uses

Nodding beggarticks (B. cernua) and hairy beggarticks (B. pilosa) are useful as honey plants. Several Bidens species are used as food by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the noctuid moth Hypercompe hambletoni and the brush-footed butterfly Vanessa cardui, the painted lady. The Bidens mottle virus, a plant pathogen, was first isolated from B. pilosa, and it infects many other Asteraceae and plants of other families.

Diversity
Bidens gardneri
Bidens alba
Bidens biternata
Bidens mauiensis

The taxonomy of Bidens has been described as "chaotic",[5] and it is not clear how many taxa are included in its bounds. There are probably at least 150 to 250 species,[3][8] and some estimates fall around 230.[4][9]

Species

Species include:[3][8][10][11]

  • Bidens alba (L.) DC. – romerillo
  • Bidens amplectens Sherff – Waiʻanae kokoʻolau
  • Bidens amplissima Greene – Vancouver Island beggarticks
  • Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. – bearded beggarticks, long-bracted beggarticks, tickseed sunflower, western tickseed
  • Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff – Koʻolau kokoʻolau, Ko'olau Range beggarticks
  • Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff – Arizona beggarticks
  • Bidens beckii – Beck's water-marigold, Henderson's water-marigold, Oregon water-marigold
  • Bidens bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt. – Delmarva beggarticks
  • Bidens bigelovii A.Gray – Bigelow's beggarticks
  • Bidens bipinnata L. – Spanish needles, hemlock beggarticks, gui zheng cao (Chinese: 鬼針草)
  • Bidens biternata
  • Bidens cabopulmensis
  • Bidens campylotheca Sch.Bip.– viper beggarticks
  • Bidens cernua L. (syn. B. glaucescens Greene) – nodding beggarticks, nodding bur-marigold
  • Bidens cervicata Sherff – Kauaʻi beggarticks
  • Bidens chippii (M.B.Moss) Mesfin
  • Bidens conjuncta Sherff – bog beggarticks
  • Bidens connata[12] Muhl. ex Willd. – purplestem beggarticks
  • Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. – crowned beggarticks
  • Bidens cosmoides (A.Gray) Sherff – cosmosflower beggarticks, poʻola nui
  • Bidens cynapiifolia Kunth – West Indian beggarticks, alfilerillo
  • Bidens discoidea (Torr. & A.Gray) Britt. – discoid beggarticks, small beggarticks, swamp beggarticks, few-bracted beggarticks
  • Bidens eatonii Fern. – Eaton's beggarticks, bident d'Eaton
  • Bidens ferulifolia (Jacq.) DC. – Apache beggarticks, fern-leaved beggarticks
  • Bidens forbesii Sherff – coastal bluff beggarticks
  • Bidens frondosa L. – devil's beggarticks, devil's pitchfork, devil's bootjack, pitchfork weed, common beggarticks, sticktights. Pitchfork weed (B. frondosa) is considered to be a weed in New Zealand.
  • Bidens gardneri Baker – ridge beggarticks
  • Bidens hawaiensis A.Gray – Hawaiʻi beggarticks
  • Bidens henryi Sherff
  • Bidens heterodoxa (Fern.) Fern. & H.St.John – Connecticut beggarticks, bident différent
  • Bidens heterosperma Gray – Rocky Mountain beggarticks
  • Bidens hillebrandiana (Drake) O.Deg. – seacliff beggarticks
  • Bidens hyperborea Greene – estuary beggarticks, coastal beggarticks, northern estuarine beggarticks, seacliff beggarticks
  • Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. – smooth beggarticks, smooth bur-marigold, larger bur-marigold. Smooth beggarticks (B. laevis) is a common fall flower in the southeastern United States.
  • Bidens lemmonii Gray – Lemmon's beggarticks
  • Bidens leptocephala Sherff – few-flowered beggarticks
  • Bidens leptophylla
  • Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff – large-fruited beggarticks
  • Bidens mannii T.G.J.Rayner
  • Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff – Maui beggarticks
  • Bidens maximowicziana
  • Bidens menziesii (Gray) Sherff – Mauna Loa beggarticks
  • Bidens meyeri V.A.Funk & K.R.Wood
  • Bidens micrantha Gaud. – grassland beggarticks
    • B. micrantha ssp. kalealaha Nagata & Ganders – Kalealaha beggarticks
  • Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff – small-fruited beggarticks
  • Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff – Molokaʻi beggarticks, wedge beggarticks
  • Bidens × multiceps Fassett
  • Bidens parviflora
  • Bidens pachyloma – Meskel Flower
  • Bidens pilosa S.F.Blake – hairy beggarticks
  • Bidens polylepis S.F.Blake
  • Bidens populifolia Sherff – Oʻahu beggarticks
  • Bidens radiata
  • Bidens reptans (L.) G.Don – manzanilla trepador
  • Bidens sandvicensis Less. – shrubland beggarticks
  • Bidens schimperi Sch.Bip.
  • Bidens simplicifolia C.H.Wright
  • Bidens socorrensis
  • Bidens squarrosa Kunth
  • Bidens subalternans DC.
  • Bidens tenuisecta A.Gray – slim-lobed beggarticks
  • Bidens torta Sherff – corkscrew beggarticks
  • Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britton – crowned beggarticks
  • Bidens tripartita L. (syn. B. acuta, B. comosa) – three-lobed beggarticks, three-part beggarticks, leafy-bracted beggarticks, trifid bur-marigold
  • Bidens triplinervia Kunth
    • B. triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff
  • Bidens valida Sherff – Mt. Kahili beggarticks
  • Bidens vulgata Greene – big devil's beggarticks, tall beggarticks, tall bur-marigold, western sticktight
  • Bidens wiebkei Sherff – Wiebke's beggarticks

Formerly placed here
gollark: How come it's missing data beyond 2014 or so?
gollark: That's... an excessive amount of decimal places.
gollark: Or an orbital laser.
gollark: https://qntm.org/destroy
gollark: Sadly, asteroids can't practically destroy the Earth.

References
  1. "Genus: Bidens L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  2. Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2014-11-09 at Archive.today
  3. Bidens. Flora of North America.
  4. Bidens. New South Wales Flora Online. National Herbarium, Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
  5. Ganders, F. R., et al. (2000). ITS base sequence phylogeny in Bidens (Asteraceae): Evidence for the continental relatives of Hawaiian and Marquesan Bidens. Systematic Botany 25(1) 122-33.
  6. Crawford, D. J. and M. E. Mort. (2005). Phylogeny of Eastern North American Coreopsis (Asteraceae-Coreopsideae): insights from nuclear and plastid sequences, and comments on character evolution. American Journal of Botany 92(2), 330-36.
  7. Carr, G. D. Bidens. Hawaiian Native Plant Genera - Asteraceae. 2006.
  8. Bidens. Flora of China.
  9. Bidens. The Jepson eFlora 2013.
  10. "GRIN Species Records of Bidens". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  11. "Bidens". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2011-02-12.
  12. Crowe, D. R. and W. H. Parker. (1981). Hybridization and agamospermy of Bidens in northwestern Ontario. Taxon 30(4): 749-60.
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