Bartol Sfondrati

Bartol Sfondrati (1541—1583) was 16th century Jesuit missionary who is considered as the first Ragusan Jesuit. Sfondrati became a jesuit in 1569 after graduating law at the University of Pavia.

Bartol Sfondrati
1583 edition of the translation of Ledesma catechism
Born1541
Ragusa, Republic of Ragusa (modern-day Croatia)
Died17 November 1583
Timișoara, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Romania)[1]
NationalityRagusan, Ottoman
Other namesBartolomeo Sfondrati
Known forfirst Ragusan jesuit
Notable work
Dottrina christiana. Composta per il P. D. Ledesma della Compagnia di Gesu; Et tradotta di lingua italiana in lingua Schiava per un padre della medesima Compagnia

Early life

Sfondrati's ancestors came from Cremona (modern-day Italy) to Ragusa several generations before Bartol was born.[2] It is assumed that his year of birth is 1541.[3]

Education

Sfondrati became a law student in Pavia in 1566 supported by Ragusan Senate with yearly scholarship of 30 golden scudo.[4][5] After completion of the canonic and civil law school at the University of Pavia Sfondrati became a Jesuit on 17 October 1569.[6] After he was a student at college in Rome in period 1570—75 he became a priest confessor at Illyrian College of St. Jerome.[7]

Missionary campaigns

In the period between February 1576 and 1578 Sfondrati was a missionary in Boka Kotorska bay. In period c. 1580—83 Sfondrati was missionary in Belgrade.[8] In 1580 Sfondrati accompanied Bonifacio de Stefanis (Bonifacije Drakolica) who was appointed as apostolic visitor and delegate to Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Bosnia, Croatia, Vallachia, Slavonia, Serbia and other European territories governed by the Ottomans.[9] Together with Sfondrati, the Holy Seat sent another jesuit to accompany de Stefanis. It was Franciscan from Bosnia, Antun de Mattei. Two of them carried two big suitcases to de Stefanis, full of books they were instructed to deliver to priests of both Catholic and Orthodox religion.[10]

Sfondrati reported that during his voyage into Ottoman Balkans he met many Christians who converted to Islam to avoid payment of taxes, from which Muslims were exempt.[11] Sfondrati stated that there was about 5,000 Catholics at that time in Sarajevo, mostly slaves and traders. He also recorded that many Christians lived in Herzegovina, most of them being Orthodox Serbs.[12]

De Stefanis died on this difficult visitation in Timișoara in 1582. Sfondrati died in poverty and dimwitted, also in Timișoara, on 17 November 1583.

Literary work

On 12 January 1576 Sfondrati wrote from Dubrovnik to Claudio Aquaviva emphasizing that Ragusan Republic have intention to publish a catechism on Slavic language for its younger population.

It is assumed that Sfondrati translated the catechism written by Jacques Ledesma. The publishing of this catechism was ordered by brothers Angel and Ivan Zagurović, of Zagurović noble family. They were sons of Jerolim Zagurović,[13] a Venetian printer of Serbian Cyrillic books and according to some sources grandsons of Đurađ Crnojević who was the founder of the first South Slavic printing house.

The first edition of his translation was published in 1576 in Venice. The second edition was published in 1578 also in Venice, in the printing house of Zanetti, with the following title: "Dottrina christiana. Composta per il P. D. Ledesma della Compagnia di Gesu; Et tradotta di lingua italiana in lingua Schiava per un padre della medesima Compagnia. Nuovamente stampata & corretta. In Venetia, Appresso Bonifatio Zanetti, MDLXXVIII". The third edition of this translation was published on Cyrillic script in 1583.[14] Zanetti is also mentioned in prologue of the Flower Triod printed by Stefan Marinović in Scutari in 1563.[15] In first two editions published in Latin script, the language of translation is referred to as "lingua Schiava" (lang-en|Slavonic language), while the third edition published on Cyrillic script refers to this language as Ragusan language,

The only survived copy of third edition of translation is kept in the National Library of Russia in St Petersburg.[16]

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References
  1. (Vanino 1936, p. 4): "Bartol Sfondrati, prvi Dubrovčanin, koji je pošao u Isusovce (+ 1583. u Temesvaru)."
  2. (Stanojević 1925, p. 882): "...Bartol Sfondrati, rodom iz Cremone."
  3. (Pavlović 1931, p. 47)
  4. Korade, Aleksić & Matoš 1993, p. 26: "Prvi dubrovački isusovac bio je Bartol Sfondrati (1541- 1583). S dvadeset i osam godina ulazi u Isusovački red kao pavijanski pravnik i s dubrovačkom godišnjom naknadom od trideset zlatnih škuda. Mladog Sfondratija biskupu su opisali kao ..."
  5. (HBA 1933, p. 213) "Sfondrati je učio prava u Pavii u Italiji g. 1566 i dobijao za to kao pomoć od dubrovačkog senata godišnje po 30 zlatnih škuda"
  6. (Pavlović 1931, p. 47)
  7. (Associazione 1995, p. 32): "Le avventure di Bartolomeo Sfondrati Il primo gesuita ragusino fu Bartolomeo Sfondrati (1541-1583), entrato nella Compagnia all'età di ventotto anni a Pavia, dove esercitava la professione di avvocato. Inviato al Collegio Illirico di Loreto, divenne sacerdote confessore."
  8. (Krleža 1988, p. 656): "Oko 1580 — 83. u Beogradu je kao misionar djelovao isusovac Bartol Sfondrati, rodom Dubrovčanin."
  9. (Zorić 2002, p. 38): "Godine 1580. apostolski je vizitator i delegat za Dalmaciju, Hercegovinu, Bosnu, Hrvatsku, Slavoniju, Srbiju, Ugarsku, Vlašku i druge europske krajeve pod turskom vlašću, a pratilac mu je dubrovački isusovac Bartol Sfondrati."
  10. (HT 1934, p. 3)
  11. Korade, Aleksić & Matoš 1993, p. 27: "Sfondrati je zapisao kako je velik broj kršćana preuzeo tursku vjeru jer su tako izbjegli plaćanje "dukata po glavi", čega su kao muslimani bili oslobođeni."
  12. Korade, Aleksić & Matoš 1993, p. 27: U Hercegovini je bilo mnogo kršćana, "no ti su većinom srpski raskolnici" (pravoslavni)."
  13. MISCELLANEA, vol. XXIX (2008), Марица МАЛОВИЋ ЂУКИЋ Историјски инситут Београд "Очеву традицију наставили су и Јеронимови синови Анђело и Иван Загуровић па је по њиховом наређењу Камило Занети штампао у Венецији 1583. уставном ћирилицом први католички катихизам.
  14. (Krasić 2009, p. 267): ".. dubrovački i 1576. tiskao u Mlecima prvi dubrovački isusovac Bartol Sfondrati. Isti katekizam ponovno je tiskan dvije godine nakon toga također u Mlecima kod Bartola Zanettija, a 3. izdanje izišlo je također u Mlecima 1583. na ćirilici“
  15. (Đorđić 1987, p. 192): "У Млецима је, после другог издања Мицаловићеве књиге, штампао 1583. године Наук крстјански познати калиграф Камило Занети који се по- миње и у поговору уз Цветни триод Стефана Мариновића, штампан у Скадру 1563."
  16. (Kolendić & Pantić 1964, p. 78)

Sources
  • Korade, Mijo; Aleksić, Mira; Matoš, Jerko (1993). Isusovci i hrvatska kultura. Hrvatski povijesni institut u Beču.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Stanojević, Stanoje (1925). Narodna enciklopedija srpsko-hrvatsko-slovenac̆ka. Izdavac̆: Bibliografski zavod d.d.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Krleža, Miroslav (1988). Enciklopedija Jugoslavije: Hrv - Janj. Jugoslavenski Leksikografski Zavod "Miroslav Krleža". ISBN 978-86-7053-013-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Zorić, Damir (2002). Ferdinand Konšćak: misionar i istraživač. Nakladni zavod Matice hrvatske. ISBN 978-953-185-063-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Krasić, Stjepan (2009). Počelo je u Rimu: Katolička obnova i normiranje hrvatskoga jezika u XVII. stoljeću. Matica Hrvatska. ISBN 978-953-6316-76-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Associazione (1995). Rivista dalmatica. Associazione nazionale dalmata di Roma.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kolendić, Petar; Pantić, M. (1964). Iz staroga Dubrovnika. Srpska književna zadruga.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Vanino, Miroslav (1936). Vrela i prinosi. Nova tiskara.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • HBA (1933). Croatia sacra. Hrvatska bogoslovska akademija.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Pavlović, Dragoljub (1931). Dorde Bašić. Drz. štamarija Kraljevine Jugoslavije.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • HT (1934). Fontes et studia historiae Societatis Iesu in finibus Croatorum. Hrvatska tiskara D.D.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Đorđić, Petar (1987). Istorija srpske ćirilice. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Further reading
  • Miroslav Vanino: Bartol Sfondrati u Temesvaru g. 1582. Vrela i prinosi (Sarajevo) 1934. 150-153.
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