Barinophyte

The barinophytes are a group of extinct vascular plants (tracheophytes). Their relationship with other vascular plants is unclear. They have been treated as the separate class Barinophytopsida, the order Barinophytales of uncertain class and as a family or clade Barinophytaceae within the zosterophylls. They have also been considered to be possible lycopodiopsids.[1]

Barinophyte
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: †Barinophytes
Genera

See text.

Description

Barinophyton is the type genus of the group; Protobarinophyton is similar. They were vascular plants with an exarch protostele. Plants consisted of alternatively arranged branches, apparently without leaves or enations, with their sporangia arranged in two rows on one-sided spike-like structures that developed on side shoots. Each sporangium was born on a curved bract-like appendage (a "sporangiferous appendage") and contained several thousand microspores, about 30–40 µm in diameter and about 30 megaspores, 410–560 µm in diameter, so that the plants were heterosporous. A similar pattern of spore sizes and numbers has been found in the progymnosperm Archaeopteris.[2]

Dibracophyton has been tentatively assigned to this group. It does have some outgrowths on the lower parts of the stems (axes), which raises the possibility that more fossil material might show that other barinophytes did not have naked stems.[1]

Taxonomy

Phylogeny

Two very different cladograms have been produced showing the evolutionary relationships of taxa assigned to the barinophytes. Kenrick and Crane in 1997 placed two species of Barinophyton and the genus Protobarinophyton in the Barinophytaceae in their Sawdoniales, well nested within the zosterophylls.[3] A summary cladogram produced by Crane et al. in 2004, shows Barinophyton and Protobarinophyton as 'core' zosterophylls.[4]

lycophytes
 

†Hicklingia

 
 
 

†basal groups (Adoketophyton, Discalis, Distichophytum (=Rebuchia), Gumuia, Huia, Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Z. llanoveranum, Z. fertile)

 
 

†'core' zosterophylls (Zosterophyllum divaricatum, Tarella, Oricilla, Gosslingia, Hsua, Thrinkophyton, Protobarinophyton, Barinophyton obscurum, B. citrulliforme, Sawdonia, Deheubarthia, Konioria, Anisophyton, Serrulacaulis, Crenaticaulis)

 
 
 

†basal groups (Nothia, Zosterophyllum deciduum)

 
 

lycopsids (extant and extinct members)

 
 
 
 

Taylor et al. in 2009 did not present a cladogram, but considered the barinophytes to be possible lycopsids rather than zosterophylls.[2] By contrast, Hao and Xue in 2013 do not even place Dibracophyton, which they consider to be a possible barinophyte, within the lycopodiopsids, instead putting it between this group and the euphyllophytes.[5]

 
 

Lycopodiopsida

 
 
 

Yunia

 
 
 

Dibracophyton (possible barinophyte)

 
 

euphyllophytes

 
 
 
 

Genera

Genera that are placed, or tentatively placed, in the barinophytes (with the group treated at different ranks) include:[1][6][3][7][8]

gollark: Apparently they changed mentions in some unexplained way with 60 days of warning?
gollark: Me too. Although I have no idea why they needed to make a breaking change for... whatever happened.
gollark: AI Dungeon used finetuned GPT-2 and now GPT-3, NovelAI and the others use GPT-Neo/GPT-J. which is an open source sort-of-replication.
gollark: NovelAI and some other thing I forgot.
gollark: It was the first application of the big text generation neural networks to this sort of thing. There are several now.

References
  1. Hao & Xue (2013), p. 55.
  2. Taylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009), Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, pp. 325–326, ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8
  3. Kenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997), The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 172, ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7
  4. Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny", American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1683–99, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683, PMID 21652317
  5. Hao & Xue (2013), p. 246.
  6. Hao & Xue (2013), p. 329.
  7. Brauer, D.F. (1981), "Heterosporous, barinophytacean plants from the Upper Devonian of North America and a discussion of the possible affinities of the Barinophytaceae", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 33 (2–4): 347–362, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90092-0
  8. Cichan, M.; Taylor, T. & Brauer, D. (1984), "Ultrastructural studies of in situ Devonian spores: Protobarinophyton pennsylvanicum Brauer", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 41 (3–4): 167, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90044-7

Bibliography
  • Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013), The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants, Beijing: Science Press, ISBN 978-7-03-036616-0


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