Dhulbahante

The Dhulbahante (Somali: Dhulbahante, Arabic: دلبةنتئ‎) is a Somali clan family, part of the Harti clan which itself belongs to the largest Somali clan-family — the Darod.[1][2][3] In Somalia, the Dhulbahante primarily settle in the three northern regions of Sool, Sanaag, and Togdheer,[4] but they also have a significant presences in Jubaland, particularly in the city of Kismayo.[5][6] In Ethiopia, they settle in the Dollo Zone specifically in the woredas of Boh, Danot and Werder.[7]

Dhulbahante
البهانتة
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali and Arabic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Majeerteen, Dishiishe, Warsangali and other Harti and Darod groups

The clan is known for its armed resistance against the British Empire and the historic role it assumed in support of the Dervish Movement which waged a bloody war against colonial powers from 1899 to 1920.[8] Due to this legacy, the name Darawiish has almost become synonymous with this clan's name.[9]

Overview
Main articles: Somali aristocratic and court titles, Khaatumo State, and Dervish movement (Somali)
Grassland located in the Nugaal Valley.

The extended formal name of the Dhulbahante clan is Said Saleh Abdi Mohamed Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti. The primary homeland of the clan straddles the Haud region and the Nugaal Valley,[10] hence segments of the clan who settle in either plateau are colloquially referred to as the Reer Hawd and Reer Nugaaled. Currently, the clan has 13 active Garaads (clan chiefs).[11] The most senior Garaad of these traditional leaders is Garad Jama Garad Ali who succeeded his uncle Garad Abdiqani Garad Jama.[12][13] The use of the traditional hereditary title of Garad (which is most widespread among the Dhulbahante),[14] was first inaugurated by the great ancestor Garad Shirshore who previously served as a Ugaas.[15] Politically, all of the clan chiefs are anti-Somaliland except Garad Jama Garad Ismail who is tolerant of the presences of the Somaliland forces in Dhulbahante territory.

The clan boasts a heroic history of anti-colonial resistance. In a bloody war against the British Empire the Dhulbahante propelled the Dervish movement to defeat the empire in a series of military expeditions.[8] To honor the Dervish freedom fighters, the name Daraawiish is now given to almost all regional paramilitaries in Somalia.[16] This rebellion which caused the death of one-third of the population of the Somaliland protectorate,[17] effected the Dhulbahante population most severely.

During Mohamed Siad Barre's regime, the clan was part of a alliance of Darod clans that was presumed to dominate state authority in Somalia. The acronym MOD was used to refer to the alliance which was composed of the Marehan, Ogaden and Dhulbahante.[18] The vast majority of Dhulbahante today are pro Somali unity and against Somaliland’s secessionist endeavour.[19] In 1998, they established the State of Puntland with other Harti clans due the common kinship.[20][21][22] It is based on the ethnic composition and clan ties to Puntland, that voters in Sanaag and especially Sool were decidedly less supportive of Somaliland’s 2001 referendum on the constitution and independence.[20][23][24] Although the Dhulbahante community was split over the 2007 conflict, with some aligning with Somaliland and its troops in the area of Las Anod, in the Bo'ame Declaration of 2007 all Dhulbahante clan chiefs rejected Somaliland's secessionist agenda and demanded the withdrawal of its militia from the clans traditional territory.[25][19]

In aftermath of the occupation of Las Anod in 2007, the clan became disillusioned with Puntland, consequently a new unionist movement which aimed to remove Somaliland from Dhulbahante territories emerged. The movement called the Unity and Salvation Authority of the SSC Regions of Somalia (Somali: Hogaanka Badbaadada iyo midaynta SSC (HBM-SSC)) was spearheaded by Saleban Essa Ahmed and founded in 2009.[26] The most important traditional leaders who lent their support to the SSC Movement were Garad Jama Garad Ali, Garad Jama Garad Ismail, and Garad Ali Burale Hassan.[27] In the Kalshale Conflict, Somaliland forces and SSC militia clashed in the Ayn region in 2011,[28] whilst more clashes were reported to have occurred in 2012.[28] In 2012, the SSC movement was replaced by Khatumo State after the Khaatumo II conference held at Taleh.[29][30]

Under the leadership of Ali Khalif Galaydh, Khaatumo state commenced peace talks with Somaliland and subsequently the two entities reached an agreement at the town of Aynabo in October 2017.[31]

Distribution

In Somalia, the Dhulbahante almost exclusively inhabit the Sool region.[32][33][34][35] Michael Walls on the Dhulbahante and Sool says:

"The residents of Sool overwhelmingly hail from a single clan grouping in the form of the Dhulbahante [...]. Sool boasts a degree of kinship homogeneity that is rare even in the Somali Horn".[36]

The clan inhabits Taleh, most of Hudun and most of Las Anod districts.[37] In a survey conducted in 2011 of Las Anod District 92.5% of the respondents identified as Dhulbahante whilst 2.5%, 1.5% and 1.3% identified as Hawiye, Bantu and Isaaq respectively.[38] In the Sanaag region the clan is only present in the Erigavo district along with the Habr Yonis clan,[39] whilst well represented in the regional capital of Erigavo.[40] Similarly in Togdheer, the clan solely lives in the district of Buuhoodle.[41] The district of Buuhoodle was made a region by the state of Puntland and its name was changed to Cayn in 2004.[42] Hence, the popular abbreviation SSC which denotes the traditional Dhulbahante territories within Somalia. In Jubaland there is a long settled Dhulbahante trading community in the port city of Kismayo and its surrounding district.[5][6]

In Ethiopia, the Dhulbahante clan settle in the Somali Regional State. They are present in the Dollo Zone, specifically in the woredas of Boh, Danot and Werder.[7] In Kenya, there is a small but notable Dhulbahante community in the North Eastern Province.[43]

The Dhulbahante exclusively settle in the northern Somali cities of Las Anod and Buuhoodle.[44] Moreover they are well represented in the cities of Erigavo and Garowe.

History

19th century

19th-century explorer C.J Cruttenden on the Dhulbahante and their horse breed:

"The Dulbahanta are a nation who fight chiefly on horseback, their arms being two spears and a shield. Their horses are powerful and courageous; the breed descended, according to Somali tradition, from the stud of Suleiman, the son Of David, and consequently is highly valued. The Dulbahanta, as far as I have seen of them, are a fine martial race of men, second to none...either in conduct or appearance".[45]

Dervish Period
Taleh, the Dervish capital.

Dervish forces mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante, similarly the majority of the movements followers belonged to this clan and to a lesser extent the Ogaden clan.[16][8] The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish Movement.[46] The Dervish Movement resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by certain Somali clans (including segments of the Dhulbahante).[47] The Achilles heel of the British empire in the Somaliland Protectorate was the un-administered east, inhabited by the Dhubahante, Warsangali and a few sections of the Isaaq.[48] In this light Douglas Jardine explains that British priority was to keep the former two clans neutral, as the British administration and its allied clans would not be able to resist them without outside aid.[49]

Despite this, the Chief of the Dhulbahante clan, Garad Ali Garad Mohamoud, did not want to be under British occupation nor under Dervish authority, instead he wanted to retain his autonomy as clan chief. The Garad and Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had a heated altercation which concluded with Garad Ali supposedly saying:

"I am the Ruler of Nugaal and its people, their management is mine and i expect everybody to respect it".[50]

Subsequently, Hassan ordered the successful assassination of the Garad.[51] As Douglas Jardine reports, Hassan took this action after the Garad reassured the British that their relations remained unchanged, although owing to the influence of Hassan his clan no longer obeyed his orders.[52] Issa-Salwe says news of the assassination stunned the Somali clans, consequently Hassan was only left with his maternal clan, the Ali Geri of the Dhulbahante.[53] According to John William Carnegie Kirk, all Dhulbahante clans sided with Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan, expect the three small sub-clans of Rer Hagar, Rer Wais Adan and Ba Idris who were considered friendly by the British.[54] In his poem Hanfi iyo Hungri, Hassan acknowledged the Dhulbahante as the true Dervish warriors:

Hawa beena Soomaalidaa, hadafka raacdaa leh.

Hadal ruma Daraawiishta iyo, weli hanoonaa leh.

Raggii diinta hooyga u noqdiyo, hanad shirshooraa leh.[55]

In 1904 Hassan attacked the Jama Siad clan[56] and in 1908 the Dhulbahante raided the Dervish and looted their camels. Hassan sent a letter to the British Commissioner Cordeaux, requesting his camels be returned and Blood money be paid.

Excerpt from Hassan's letter to Cordeaux :

Your people, the Dolbahanta tribe, have killed fifteen of our men and looted eighty-four camels. I do not know if Abdulla Shahari reported this to you: if he did the fault lies with you; if not, I do hereby acquaint you of it. You are requested to restore to us our camels and the blood shed by your people [57]

Somaliland Camel Corps

In 1912 the Dervish army compelled friendly segments of the Dhulbahante clan to retire to the British controlled territory to gain protection, Horace Byatt reported that 800 dhulbahante arrived in Berbera, stating that only 300 native infantry and 200 King's African Rifles were in Berbera and insufficient to hold off a Dervish attack.[58]

In 1913 at the battle of Dul Madoba the Dervishes defeated the British. The Dervish forces under the leadership of Dhulbahante military commander Ismail Mire were attacked by the British expeditionary forces under the command of Richard Corfield.[59] It is reported that the Dervishes previously looted herds from the Jama Siad, who subsequently agreed to assist the British in their attack.[60] Thus, 300 Jama Siad warriors along with the Somaliland Camel Corps commanded by Corfield pursued and attacked the Dervishes at Dul Madoba. The British sustained heavy casualties and Corfeild was killed in battle, whilst the 300 Jama Siad warriors fled unscathed.[61][59]

Aerial bombardment of Dervish forts in Taleh

After the 1920 Bombing campaign of the Taleh fort and the Dervish retreat into Ethiopia, Tribal Chief Haji Mohammad Bullaleh (Haji the Hyena), commanded a 3000 strong army that consisted of Habar Yunis, Habar Jeclo and Dolbahanta horsemen and pursued the fleeing Dervishes. They attacked Muhammad Abdallah Hassan and the Dervish army in the Ogaden region and defeated them, causing Hassan to retreat to the town of Imi. Haji and his army looted 60,000 livestock and 700 rifles from the dervishes.[62] The Dervishes who fought colonial powers for 20 years in order to attain freedom for the Somali peninsula never recovered.

Dulbahante traditional clan chiefs declaration

An historic summit was convened in Boocame from November 15 – November 23 of 2007, by the traditional leaders of the Dulbahante (Dhulbahante) sub-clan of the clan. The Dulbahante traditional chiefs issued an official communiqué on October 15, 2007 regarding the secessionist Somaliland region's militias’ aggression and occupation of Laascaanood (LasAnod), the regional capital of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn regions of Somaliland.[25][63][64]

All 14 major traditional chiefs of the Dulbahante clan attended this summit. In addition to the traditional chiefs, there were many intellectuals (women & men), students and civic organizations from outside and inside of the country attending the summit. All chiefs unanimously signed declaration communiqué on November 22, 2007.

The communiqué states that the Dulbahante clan is not part of (and was never part of) and does not recognize the administration that calls itself "Somaliland" and that there are no agreements between Dulbahante clan and "Somaliland", in the past or the present. The communiqué also calls for an immediate end of hostility, return of customary peaceful co-existences among clans and an unconditional removal of the Somaliland militia from their territory. Finally, chiefs declared that the Dulbahante clan stands for the Somali unity.

In the anniversary of their historic summit in Boocame in November 2007, the Dulbahante Traditional Chiefs (SSC Traditional Leaders Council) reiterated their previous declaration (above) that they are not part of the Somaliland separatist movement. The council sent its pronouncement to the European Union, United Nations Agencies and all NGOs that operate within Somalia.

Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. Within the Dhulbahante clan, according to the anthropologist I.M. Lewis, the Dhulbahante are divided into 50 groups which pay diyya (or blood money for their members). These are gathered into four lineages of unequal size: the Muuse Si'iid, who made up the majority of the clan circa 1960, and in turn is highly segmented into numerous lineages; the Ahmed Si'id also known as Hayaag, which Lewis estimated to number 1,000 male members at the time, and the Mohamed Si'iid, and the Yuunis Si'iid, which he described as "small, insignificant, and incapable of independent political action."[65] The following summarized clan tree presented below is taken from John Hunt's A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate (1944-1950):[66]

  • Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti (Darod)
    • Mohamed Abdirahman (Kabalalah)
      • Abdi Mohamed (Kombe)
        • Salah Abdi (Harti)
          • Said Abdi (Dhulbahante)
            • Ahmed Said (Turyar)
            • Yonis Said
            • Mohamed Said
            • Hussein Said (Hayaag)
            • Muse Said
              • Barre Muse
              • Osman Muse (Ebirrar)
              • Mohamed Muse
              • Abokor Muse
              • Abdale Muse
                • Yahye Abdale
                • Adan Abdale (Hinjile)
                • Habarwa Abdale
                  • Khalid Habarwa
                  • Shirshore Habarwa
                    • Hamud 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                    • Hussein 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                    • Mahamoud 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                    • Hassan 'Ugaas' Shirshore
                      • Ali Hassan
                      • Farah Hassan
                      • Samakab Hassan
                      • Khair Hassan
                      • Saleh Hassan
                      • Samatar Hassan
                      • Gedi Hassan
                      • Harun Hassan
            • Abdi 'Garad' Shirshore (Qayaad)
              • Omar Abdi
              • Khayr Abdi
                • Ibrahim Khayr
                • Ali Khayr
                • Osman Khayr
                • Wa'eys Khayr
            • Mohamoud 'Garad' Shirshore
              • Wa'eys Mohamoud (Omar Wa'eys)
              • Siad Mohamoud
                • Jama Siad
                  • Samakab Jama
                  • Ahmed Jama
                  • Mohamoud Jama
                  • Warfa Jama
                • Mohamed Siad (Ugadhyahan)
                  • Adan Mohamed
                  • Mohamoud Mohamed
                  • Samakab Mohamed
                    • Abdulle Samakab
                      • Wa’eys Abdulle
                      • Abokor Abdulle
                      • Ahmed Abdulle
                        • Shirwa Ahmed
                        • Osman Ahmed
                        • Nur Ahmed
                          • Seed Nur
                          • Samatar Nur
                          • Yusuf Nur
                          • Musa Nur
                          • Samakab Nur (Bihina Ali)
                          • Ismail Nur (Bihina Ali)
                          • Hersi Nur
                          • Mohamed Nur
                          • Ali Nur
                        • Naleya Ahmed
                          • Adan Naleya
                          • Abdulle Naleya
                          • Samaad Naleya
                          • Shirwa Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
                          • Liban Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
                          • Yusuf Naleya (Bah ina Farah)
                          • Elmi Naleya
                          • Jibril Naleya
                          • Ali Naleya
                            • Farah Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
                            • Mohamed Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
                            • Samatar Ali (Bah Rikhaaye)
                            • Igal Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                            • Abdi Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                            • Fahiye Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                            • Ahmed Ali (Bah ina Araale)
                            • Hussein Ali (Bah Ina Samatar)
                            • Yaqub Ali (Bah Ina Samatar)
                            • Yusuf Ali (Bah Abdulle)
                            • Elmi Ali (Bah Abdulle)
                            • Omar Ali (Bah Idris)
                            • Mohamoud Ali (Bah Idris)
                            • Wa'eys Ali (Bah Idris)
            • Farah 'Garaad' Shirshore
              • Yasin 'Garad' Farah
              • Abdulleh Garad Farah
                • Ali 'Garad' Abdulle
                • Mohamed 'Garad' Abdulle (Bah'ararsame)
                  • Mohamoud 'Garad' Mohamed (Jabane)
                    • Mohamed Mohamoud
                    • Warsame Mohamoud
                    • Liban Mohamoud
                    • Sharmarke Mohamoud
                • Guleed 'Garaad' Abdulleh (Barkad)
                  • Ali Gulled
                  • Amir Gulled
                  • Mohamoud Gulled
                • Ahmed 'Garaad' Abdulleh
                  • Samakab Ahmed (Odala)
                  • Egal Ahmed
                  • Warfa Ahmed
                  • Hassan Ahmed
                  • Naleye Ahmed (Egal Naleya)
                  • Ali'Geri Ahmed
                    • Ismail Ali’Geri
                    • Hersi Ali’Geri
                    • Shawe Ali’Geri
                    • Burale Ali’Geri
                    • Gulled Ali’Geri
                    • Subaan Ali’Geri
                  • Adan Ahmed
                    • Farah Adan
                    • Mahad Adan
                    • Wa'eys Adan
                    • Hagar Adan
                      • Gedi Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Addaad Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Warsame Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Elmi Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Amir Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Gulled Hagar (Bah Ogaden)
                      • Ayaar Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Fatah Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Adan Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Adan Hagar (Bah Warsengali)
                      • Farah Hagar (Bah Warsengali)

Notable Dhulbahante people

Rulers

Royalty

Inventors and founders

Writers and musicians

Military personnel

Politicians

Athletes
  • Abdi Bile, Somalia's most decorated athlete with the most Somali national records
  • Mohamed Suleiman, first ethnic Somali to win an Olympic medal
gollark: ... Rust.
gollark: Alternatively, bees carrying liquid nitrogen.
gollark: An apiocryohazard is a hazardously cold bee.
gollark: Do you know about apio**cryo**hazards too?
gollark: Can we get this emoji?

References
  1. "Somalia: Minorities and indigenous peoples". Minority Rights Group International. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  2. Lewis, Ioan M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. James Currey Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 9780852552803. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  3. Lewis, Ioan M (July 1959). "Clanship and Contract in Northern Somaliland". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 29 (3): 274–293. doi:10.2307/1157617. JSTOR 1157617. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  4. Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Vision. Rift Valley Institute. p. 57.
  5. Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  6. Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  7. Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  8. De Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Schomerus (21 September 2018). Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Springer. p. 96.
  9. Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Vision (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. pp. 78–79.
  10. Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Vision (PDF). Rift Valley Institute. p. 38.
  11. "Somalia: The Bo'ame Declaration of Dhulbahante Clan Elders". GaroweOnline.com. 2007-11-22. Archived from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  12. Connaughton, Stacey L.; Berns, Jessica (2019). Locally Led Peacebuilding: Global Case Studies. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84. ISBN 9781538114117. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  13. Ingiriis, Mohamed H. (2016). The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991. UPA. p. 238. ISBN 9780761867203. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  14. Buur, L; Kyed, K (2007). State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?. Springer. p. 176. ISBN 9780230609716. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  15. Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland - Contested Borderlands (PDF). p. 83. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  16. Hoehne, Markus V. (2016). "Dervish State (Somali)". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–2.
  17. Said Samatar, Said Samatar (1982). Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780521104579. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  18. Renders, Marleen (2012-01-20). Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions. p. 49. ISBN 9789004222540. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  19. Hoehne, Markus V. (2009). "Mimesis and Mimicry in Dynamics of State and Identity Formation in Northern Somalia". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 79 (2): 270–271. doi:10.3366/E0001972009000710. JSTOR 29734403.
  20. Lund, Christian; Eilenberg, Michael (2017-05-04). Rule and Rupture: State Formation Through the Production of Property and Citizenship. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781119384809.
  21. Höhne, Markus V. "Traditional Authorities in Northern Somalia: Transformation of positions and powers" (PDF). Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology: 16.
  22. Mesfin, Berouk (September 2009). "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  23. Höhne, Markus V. "Traditional Authorities in Northern Somalia: Transformation of positions and powers" (PDF). Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology: 16.
  24. Mesfin, Berouk (September 2009). "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  25. "The Declaration of Clan Elders from Sool, Sanaag and Cayn Regions (North Somalia)" (Press release). Declaration of Dulbahante Traditional clan chiefs. November 23, 2007. Archived from the original on November 28, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
  26. Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland - Contested Borderlands (PDF). pp. 81–2. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  27. Hoehne, Markus V. (2015). Between Somaliland and Puntland: Marginalization, Militarization and Conflicting Political Vision. Rift Valley Institute. p. 83. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  28. "SOMALIA: Somaliland clashes displace thousands". IRIN. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
  29. Muse, Abdirashid (2012). "New Mini-State Created in Somalia". Somali Report. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  30. Lund, Christian; Eilenberg, Michael (2017-05-02). Rule and Rupture: State Formation Through the Production of Property and Citizenship. p. 197. ISBN 9781119384793. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  31. Stremalau, Nicole (2019). "Governance Without Government in the Somali Territories". Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  32. "The political development of Somaliland and its conflict with Puntland" (PDF). Institute for Security Studies: 10.
  33. Hohne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (3): 405. doi:10.1017/S0022278X06001820. S2CID 54173895.
  34. "Somaliland vs. Puntland over the future of Somalia" (PDF). Horn of Africa Bulletin. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  35. International Crisis Group. "Somaliland: The Strains of Success" (PDF): 4. Retrieved 20 September 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. Walls, Michael. "Sool Region: sovereign ambiguity vs a geopolitical system of nation-states?". Africa Research Institute. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  37. "EASO Country of Origin Information Report Somalia Security Situation" (PDF).
  38. Somali Observatory of Conflict and Violence Prevention (2011). "Safety and security District baseline report: Las Anod": 15–16. Retrieved 20 September 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. Gebrewold, Belachew (2013-03-28). Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the systems of conflict and violence in Africa. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 130. ISBN 9781409499213. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  40. Hoehne, Markus Virgil (2011). "No Easy Way Out: Traditional Authorities in Somaliland and the Limits of Hybrid Political Orders". DIIS Working Paper: 12. S2CID 67793832.
  41. Hoehne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as resources in the Horn of Africa. p. 113. ISBN 9781847010186. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  42. Feyissa, Dereje; Hoehne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell & Brewer. p. 113. ISBN 9781847010186.
  43. Raeymaekers, Timothy (27 Aug 2013). Violence on the Margins: States, Conflict, and Borderlands. Springer. p. 69. ISBN 9781137333995. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  44. Hoehne, Markus Virgil. "Diasporic engagement in the educational sector in post-conflict Somaliland: A contribution to peacebuilding?" (PDF). Diaspeace: 42. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  45. "The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.67". 1849.
  46. Feyissa, Dereje; Höhne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
  47. Hoehne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 405.
  48. Jardine, Douglas J. (1923). The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. H. Jenkins. p. 160. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  49. Jardine, Douglas J. (1923). The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. H. Jenkins. p. 161. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  50. Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996). The Collapse of The Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy (PDF) (2nd ed.). Haan Publishing. pp. 29–30. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  51. War Office, UK Government (1907). Official History of the Operations in Somaliland, 1901-04 (Volume 1). H. M. Stationery office. p. 50. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  52. Jardine, Douglas J. (1923). The Mad Mullah of Somaliland. H. Jenkins. p. 44. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  53. Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996). The Collapse of The Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy (PDF) (2nd ed.). Haan Publishing. pp. 29–30. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  54. Kirk, J. W. C. (2010-10-31). A Grammar of the Somali Language: With Examples in Prose and Verse, by J. W. C. Kirk, p.142. ISBN 9781108013260.
  55. Essa, Jama. Diiwaanka Gabayadii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan (PDF). WASAARADDA HIDDAHA IYO TACLIINTA SARE. p. 113. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  56. The London Gazette, September 2, 1904.
  57. The Mad mullah of Somaliland, p.162
  58. Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921 p.147. ISBN 9781783463800.
  59. Adjaye, Joseph K.; Andrews, Adrianne R. (1997). Language, Rhythm, & Sound: Black Popular Cultures Into the Twenty-first Century. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 9780822971771. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  60. Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921 p.156. ISBN 9781783463800.
  61. Irons, Roy (2013-11-04). Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899-1921 p.156. ISBN 9781783463800.
  62. Irons, Roy (4 November 2013). Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland, p. 209. ISBN 9781783463800.
  63. "SSC TRADITIONAL LEADERS COUNCIL (Sool, Sanaag and Cayn Regions of Northern Somalia Tribal chiefs)" (PDF) (Press release). Declaration of Dulbahante Traditional clan chiefs. November 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-28.
  64. "Declaration of the Consultative Conference of the Dhulbahante in the Diaspora -- Guiding Principles" (Press release). Declaration of the Consultative Conference of the Dhulbahante in the Diaspora. April 24, 2011. Archived from the original on May 3, 2012. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  65. Lewis, "Force and Fission in Northern Somali Lineage Structure", American Anthropologist, New Series, 63 (1961), p. 100
  66. Hunt, John. A general survey of the Somaliland Protectorate-1944-1950 (PDF). Hargeisa. pp. 141–145. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  67. "WAR DEG DEG AH Golihii wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo Caawa la Ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". 2009-01-17.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.