Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict

Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict

Lebanese army personnel on Syria Street, guarding the road between Bab al-Tabbaneh and Jabal Mohsen in 2011
Date1976 – 2015[1]
Location
Tripoli, Lebanon
Belligerents

Tawhid Movement (during Lebanese Civil War)

Future Movement (During 2008 conflict)
Free Syrian Army
Jabhat al-Nusra
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant[2]
Local Armed Groups		 Arab Democratic Party
 Syria (during Lebanese Civil War)
Sunni Hezbollah supporters

 Lebanon

Tawhid Movement (2012-2015, from within Bab al-Tabbaneh)
Commanders and leaders

Said Shaaban
Hashem Minkara
Ziad Alloukeh
Jalal Dandashi
Amer Arish
Husam Al Sabbagh

Other weaponsmiths and warlords

Ali Eid

Rifa'at Eid		 Unknown
Strength
~1000 ~400
Casualties and losses
Hundreds

The Bab al-Tabbaneh–Jabal Mohsen conflict was a recurring conflict between Sunni Muslim residents of the Bab-al-Tibbaneh and Alawite Muslim residents of the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhoods of Tripoli, Lebanon. Residents of the two neighbourhoods have been rivals[3] since the Lebanese Civil War, and have often engaged in violence. They are divided along sectarian lines, as well as by their opposition to or support of the Alawite-led Syrian government. Violence flared up during the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon.

Background

Sunni Muslims and Alawites have been in conflict with each other for centuries. The Alawites of the Levant were oppressed by the Sunni Ottoman Empire, but gained power and influence when the French recruited Alawites as soldiers during the French Mandate of Syria.[4][5][6][7] After independence from France, their co-religionists came to power in Syria in 1966 (represented by the al-Assad family since 1970).[8] This angered some of the Sunni majority of Syria, which reacted with an Islamist uprising in Syria, an insurgency which was crushed by the 1982 Hama massacre.[9]

With 500,000 inhabitants, Tripoli is the second largest city in Lebanon after Beirut. As an overwhelming part of these are Sunni Muslims, the city is considered the traditional bastion of conservative Sunnis in Lebanon.[10][11][12][13] In general, Sunnis represent 27% of the whole Lebanese population.[14][15] Being a Sunni stronghold, all major currents of Lebanese Sunni Islamism have been centered in the city.[16] Black banners with Quranic inscriptions crisscross the streets and dozens of free religious schools preach rigid Sunni doctrines and more women are spotted taking up the "niqab." Tripoli is also the birthplace of Lebanon's Salafi movement, a puritanical Sunni movement.[17][18] The Sunnis of Bab al-Tabbaneh and the rest of Lebanon have close ties with Saudi Arabia, which supports them financially.[19][20]

Nearly half of the Alawites of Lebanon are located in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of Tripoli and nearby villages in Akkar, north Lebanon. 40-60,000 Alawites live in Tripoli,[21] and their entire population in Lebanon is 120,000 at most.[22][23][24][25][26] They have close ties with the Alawites in Syria, including the ruling Assad family.[27]

The two neighbourhoods are divided by Syria Street, Jabal Mohsen stands on a hilltop, Bab al-Tabbaneh stands below it.[28] Many residents in the two neighbourhoods are unemployed, which makes them easy to mobilize when clashes erupt.[29] North Lebanon is one of the most impoverished parts of Lebanon and is neglected by the government, leaving room for extremism to grow.[30] The neighbourhoods were prosperous until the flood of Nahr Abu Ali (river of Abou-Ali) in 1956 destroyed many buildings, which was followed by the civil war. There are still many architectural treasures in the area.[31]

During the Lebanese Civil War
Main article: Lebanese Civil War
Buildings in Bab al-Tabbaneh damaged during the Lebanese Civil War, Syria Street which divides the two neighbourhoods can be seen in the lower right

During the Lebanese Civil War that lasted from 1975 to 1990, Lebanese Alawites in the Jabal-Mohsen-based Arab Democratic Party (ADP) aligned with Syria, fought alongside Syrian Army against the Sunni Islamist Tawhid Movement in Tripoli, which was based mainly in Bab-Tabbaneh.[32] Before the war, the populations of the two neighbourhoods were interwoven.[33]

In August 1984, violent clashes erupted between the Tawheed and the ADP, with the former been supported by the Mosques Committee and the Islamic Committee. The Tawheed’s position was strengthened when they gained control of the port area on 22 August, after a fierce battle on the streets of Tripoli that left more than 400 dead. Street fighting dragged on for some days until 18 September, when it was brought to an end by a Syrian-mediated peace agreement between the IUM and the ADP.[34] By 1985, Tawhid had control over Tripoli, and the ADP was entrenched in Jabal Mohsen.[35]

On 18 December 1986, the Tawheed commander Samir al-Hassan was arrested by the Syrians in Tripoli. His men responded by killing 15 Syrian soldiers at a checkpoint, which brought the wrath of the Syrians on the Tawheed. Aided by ADP, LCP, SSNP and Baath Party militias, the Syrians managed to defeat decisively the Tawheed, killing many of its fighters, arresting others and scattered the remainder.[36]

2008 conflict
Main article: 2008 conflict in Lebanon

During the 2008 conflict in Lebanon, Sunnis fought against Alawites.[37] The ADP rearmed during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, after it was revealed that the Islamist group Fatah al-Islam had planned to attack the Alawites of Tripoli.[21]

During the night between 10 May and 11 May, heavy fighting broke out between Alawite Hezbollah sympathizers and Sunni supporters of Islamist groups in Tripoli. One woman was killed.[38]

On 11 May, Sunni supporters of the Islamic groups had reportedly been fighting opposition followers in the Alawite dominated Jabal Mohsen area with machine-guns and rocket-propelled grenades.[39] On 12 May clashes in Tripoli left one person dead and at least six others wounded.[40] The Army stated that if the clashes did not end by morning of the next day they will intervene and use force if necessary to end the fighting.

On 22 June and 23 June, at least nine people, eight civilians and a policeman, were killed and 55 others were wounded in Tripoli, in clashes between pro-government Sunnis based in the Bab el-Tabaneh district and pro-Syrian Alawites from Jabal Mohsen. Machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades were used in the clashes, which started around four in the morning.[41]

Between 25 and 29 July, 23 September people were killed in clashes between Sunni and Alawite militants in Tripoli. On 8 September, Alawite and Sunni leaders signed a reconciliation agreement, which ended the fighting and tension which has haunted Tripoli since the civil war.[42][43] Sunni Future Movement leader Saad Hariri subsequently visited Tripoli stating "We are both Lebanese and we will not allow anyone to tamper with us. I will do everything I can in order not to let anyone damage the Alawites' security in Tripoli and to foil any external plot to tamper with the security of the Alawites or the security of Tripoli".[44]

Rifa'at Eid, current leader of the armed wing of the ADP said in an interview: "We're the most convenient targets, the stand-in for Hezbollah, our problem can only be solved when the Shiites and Sunnis solve theirs."[45] As many as 9,000 Alawis fled their homes during the conflict.[46]

2009

In October 2009, Jabal Mohsen was attacked with grenades by unknown assailants.[47]

2010

In spite of "missiles" having been launched into Jabal Mohsen a few months before, children from both neighbourhoods, along with children from adjacent villages and refugee camps, played peaceful football-matches in mixed teams during the Open Fun Football Festival on 2 November 2010.[48]

Weeks later, rockets were again fired into Jabal Mohsen, and a bomb was found near the house of ADP leader Ali Eid.[49][50]

Clashes during the Syrian Civil War
Main article: Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon

June 2011 clashes
Lebanese army convoy patrolling Jabal Mohsen, a few weeks after the 2011 clashes
Lebanese army checkpoint on the entry to the Qubbe military base: LAF Northern Command, taken from Jabal Mohsen, 2011

Seven people were killed and 59 were wounded in Tripoli, on Friday, 17 June 2011. Armed clashes erupted following a rally in support of Syrian protesters in Bab-al-Tabbaneh. Fighting broke out between gunmen positioned in Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tabbaneh. Among the dead were a Lebanese army soldier and an official from the Alawite ADP.[51]

February 2012 clashes

Between 10–11 February 2012, two[52] to three people died in fighting in the northern Lebanese city of Tripoli, in the neighbourhoods of Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tebbaneh. The Lebanese Army stepped in and suffered six injured soldiers.[53][54] There was a fear that the Syrian Civil War would spill into Lebanon.[55]

May 2012 clashes

Between two and four people were killed when fighting erupted on the night of 12–13 May in the Lebanese city of Tripoli between members of the Alawite minority, loyal to Syrian president Bashar al-Assad, and members of the Sunni majority, witnesses and security officials said.[52][56][57] Rocket-propelled grenades and automatic rifles were used in the fighting in an Alawite enclave and surrounding Sunni neighborhoods in the port city.[56]

Hours before the clashes, Lebanese troops exchanged fire late Saturday, 12 May, with a group of young Islamists, protesting in Tripoli for the release of a terrorist suspect.[56] The outbreak of gunfire between the Islamists and the army happened as the youths, sympathizers with the ongoing revolt in Syria, tried to approach the offices of the pro-Assad Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon.[56]

In all, three of the dead were reportedly Sunni civilians, while one was an army officer.[57]

The fighting continued on 14 May, with six more people being killed, five Alawites and one Sunni.[58][59]

The army deployed to the area on 15 May, and engaged in gunbattles with residents that left eight wounded, including a soldier.[60] By 16 May, the clashes had left 11 dead.[61]

"Western diplomatic sources" stated these incidents were the beginning of a Salafist revolution, aimed at arming the uprising in Syria.[62] The Saudi-backed March 14 coalition accused Syria of trying to drag Lebanon into its crisis. "It is actually an attempt to make of Tripoli a zone of terrorism. It also aims at striking Lebanon's northern area which has welcomed and helped out the Syrian displaced," said 14 March figure Mustafa Alloush after the coalition held its regular weekly meeting. Tripoli and north Lebanon have seen an influx of Syrian refugees since the unrest in Syria began in March 2011.[61]

By 18 May, a total of 12 people were dead and over 100 wounded in the May clashes.[63]

On 21 May, several RPGs were fired between the two neighbourhoods, with no reports of wounded.[64] On 30 May, two more were wounded in clashes between the neighborhoods.[65]

One Sunni-Muslim fought alongside the ADP and was killed in the May clashes, and was condemned as a traitor by his fellow Sunnis.[66]

June 2012 clashes

On 2–3 June, 15 people were killed and over 60 wounded in clashes between the neighborhoods. As a result of the fighting, the Army re-entered Syria Street, which divides the warring neighborhoods, to set up a buffer zone between the two sides.[67][68][69][70] Following the declaration of a cease-fire, there were several violations of the truce during the night of 3 June, in which one policeman and one soldier were wounded.[71] On 8 June, a man in Jabal Mohsen was killed by sniper fire.[72]

During the fighting, Jabal Mohsen was attacked from several fronts that encircle it, the Bab al-Tabbaneh, Shaarani, Baqqar, Riva, Mankoubin and Malouleh districts. In the aftermath, several Alawite businesses in Tripoli were burnt down.[73]

July 2012 clashes

On 18 July, one was killed and several were wounded by stray bullets fired during anti-Assad celebrations in Bab Tabbaneh, following a suicide-bombing targeted against several Syrian ministers.[74][75]

On 21 July, Tabbaneh residents clashed over non-political matters between two Sunni families, killing two and wounding several.[76][77] Two more were killed in the dispute on 29 July.[78]

On 27 July, two men who were on their way home to Jabal Mohsen were stabbed by unidentified assailants, which led to clashes between gunmen.[79] Clashes continued the following day, wounding 12, and three soldiers.[80][81]

August 2012 clashes

On 9 August, Sunni supporters of Hezbollah clashed with Salafists in Tripoli.[82]

On 20 and 21 August, seven people were killed and more than 100 wounded in clashes between Sunni Muslims and Alawites in Lebanon's northern city of Tripoli in another spillover from the war in neighboring Syria, according to security and medical sources. Two of the dead were from Jabal Mohsen, while the rest were from Bab al-Tabbaneh. Five Lebanese soldiers were injured by gunfire on 20 August, and another five on the next day after a grenade was lobbed at an army checkpoint.[83][84]

Fighting continued throughout 23 August, with at least 2 further deaths reported.[85]

On 24 August, further fighting occurred after a dawn exchange of small arms fire and rocket-propelled grenades between Sunni and Alawite fighters in the Qobbah and Jabal Muhsin neighborhoods. The skirmish provoked unrest throughout both districts, and at least 7 Alawite-owned shops in Sunni neighborhoods were torched by unknown assailants. Fighting escalated after the death of Sunni cleric Sheikh Khaled al Baradei, shot by a sniper during the morning skirmishes. Sheikh Baradei was reportedly a commander of the Sunni Islamist fighters, and his death led to further sectarian unrest within the city. Two journalists from an unknown news agency were also wounded during the day's fighting. At least 3 killed and 21 wounded were reported.[86] Fighting continued until 24 August.

October 2012 clashes

Clashes broke out on 19 October following the killing of Wissam al-Hassan, leaving one dead.[87] On 21 October, violent clashes occurred throughout the country which were triggered by the assassination. Two young girls and a man were killed during clashes between Bab Tabbaneh and Jabal Mohsen.[88] The parents of one of the girls, a nine-year-old called Jana, crossed sectarian lines, as her father is Sunni and her mother is Alawite.[89] Two Sunnis and one Alawi were killed on 22 October.[90]

By 24 October, 11 people had been killed in the fighting.[91]

December 2012 clashes

At least 12 people were killed and 73 injured in Tripoli between 4 and 6 December, as Alawites and Sunnis were involved in heavy clashes, which were sparked by the Tall Kalakh incident, where 20 Lebanese Salafists that were going to join the insurgent in Syria were ambushed.[92][93][94][95][96][97]

2013 clashes

On 28 February, five men were arrested for throwing grenades into both neighbourhoods. They claimed they had been tasked by "Z.S." to create strife.[98] During March 2013, several sporadic incidents happened between the neighbourhoods. Two were hurt by sniper fire in Jabal Mohsen.[99] Three days later, a man from Jabal Mohsen was shot and killed.[100]

By 22 March, six people, including an army soldier, had been killed. On 23 March, three more people were killed.[101]

On 19 and 20 May, two civilians and two army soldiers were killed during renewed fighting between the neighbourhoods.[102] By 22 May, 12 people had been killed since renewed fighting began.[103] The Lebanese army pulled out of the city on 23 May, after being targeted.[104] Six more were killed the following night, as mortars were used for the first time.[105] 31 were killed by 26 May.[106] After two days of calm, six more were killed by 4 June within 24 hours. Jabal Mohsen was subsequently raided by the army, which ADP leader Rifa'at Eid questioned, since similar raids were not done against Bab al-Tabbaneh.[107]

On 29 and 30 November, 13 people were killed by clashes.

August 2013 Tripoli bombing
Main article: August 2013 Tripoli bombing

On 23 August 2013, twin bombings in Tripoli caused extensive damage with some 47 people killed and more than 500 wounded according to Lebanon's state-run National News Agency.[108]

Abdul Rahman Diab assassination

On 20 January 2014, Abdul Rahman Diab, an ADP official, was gunned down in his car in Tripoli.[109]

March 2014 clashes

During nine days of March 2014, 25 people were killed and 175 were wounded.[110]

January 2015 Jabal Mohsen suicide attacks

On 10 January 2015, nine people were killed and more than 30 wounded in a Jabal Mohsen café when two suicide bombers from the area of Tripoli blew themselves up. It was the first suicide attack on a civilian neighbourhood in nearly a year, following a security sweep.[111]

gollark: GEORGEnet should obviously run over arbitrary IRC networks, apian carriers, bouncing signals off GTech™ lunar stations, amplitude modulated earthquakes, or ultra-high-intensity transplanetary gamma ray transceivers.
gollark: Perhaps we can somehow partner with OpenNIC?
gollark: If we run an ACME server it'll be compatible with all the existing tooling too.
gollark: Interesting idea. I think we could do this.
gollark: The main issue I have with things is just that the PKI stuff is kind of awful, but we can change "major browser support" to "certificate issued by authorities trusted by major browsers, or secure alternative certificate issuance systems".

See also

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