Barrel (unit)

A barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the U.K. beer barrel and U.S. beer barrel), oil barrels, and so forth. For historical reasons the volumes of some barrel units are roughly double the volumes of others; volumes in common use range approximately from 100 to 200 litres (22 to 44 imp gal; 26 to 53 US gal). In many connections the term drum is used almost interchangeably with barrel.

Ale casks at a brewery in the UK. These are firkins, each holding 9 imperial gallons (41 l) or a quarter of a UK beer barrel.

Since medieval times the term barrel as a unit of measure has had various meanings throughout Europe, ranging from about 100 litres to about 1,000 litres. The name was derived in medieval times from the French baril, of unknown origin, but still in use, both in French and as derivations in many other languages such as Italian, Polish and Spanish. In most countries such usage is obsolescent, increasingly superseded by SI units. As a result, the meaning of corresponding words and related concepts (vat, cask, keg etc.) in other languages often refers to a physical container rather than a known measure.

In the international oil market context, however, prices in United States dollars per barrel are commonly used, and the term is variously translated, often to derivations of the Latin / Teutonic root fat (for example vat or Fass).[1]

In other commercial connections, barrel sizes such as beer keg volumes also are standardised in many countries.

Dry goods in the US
See also: Dry goods
  • US dry barrel: 7,056 cubic inches (115.6 L) ( ≈ 3.28 US bushels)
    • Defined as length of stave 28 1⁄2 in (72 cm), diameter of head 17 1⁄8 in (43 cm), distance between heads 26 in (66 cm), circumference of bulge 64 in (1.6 m) outside measurement; representing as nearly as possible 7,056 cubic inches; and the thickness of staves not greater than 4⁄10 in (10 mm)[2] (diameter ≈ 20.37 in or 51.7 cm). Any barrel that is 7,056 cubic inches is recognized as equivalent. This is exactly equal to 26.25 US dry-gallons.[3]
  • US barrel for cranberries 5,826 cubic inches (95.5 L) ( ≈ 2.71 US bushels)
    • Defined as length of stave 28 1⁄2 in (72 cm), diameter of head 16 1⁄4 in (41 cm), distance between heads 25 1⁄4 in (64 cm), circumference of bulge 58 1⁄2 in (1.49 m) outside measurement; and the thickness of staves not greater than 4⁄10 in (10.16 mm)[2] (diameter ≈ 18.62 in or 47.3 cm). No equivalent in cubic inches is given in the statute, but later regulations specify it as 5,826 cubic inches.[4]

Some products have a standard weight or volume that constitutes a barrel:

  • Cornmeal, 200 pounds (90.7 kg)
  • Cement (including Portland cement[5]), 4 cubic feet (113 L) or 376 pounds (170.6 kg)[3]
  • Sugar, 5 cubic feet (142 L) (37 US gal)
  • Wheat or rye flour, three bushels or 196 pounds (88.9 kg)
  • Lime (mineral), 280 pounds (127 kg) large barrel, or 180 pounds (81.6 kg) small barrel[6]
  • Butter and cheese in UK, 224 pounds (102 kg)[3]
  • Salt, 280 pounds (130 kg)[3]

Fluid barrel in the US and UK

Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. In the UK a beer barrel is 36 imperial gallons (43 US gal; 164 L). In the US most fluid barrels (apart from oil) are 31.5 US gallons (26 imp gal; 119 L) (half a hogshead), but a beer barrel is 31 US gallons (26 imp gal; 117 L).[7][8] The size of beer kegs in the US is based loosely on fractions of the US beer barrel. When referring to beer barrels or kegs in many countries, the term may be used for the commercial package units independent of actual volume, where common range for professional use is 20–60 L, typically a DIN or Euro keg of 50 L.

History
See also: English wine cask units and English brewery cask units

Richard III, King of England from 1483 until 1485, had defined the wine puncheon as a cask holding 84 gallons and a wine tierce as holding 42 gallons. Custom had made the 42 gallon watertight tierce a standard container for shipping eel, salmon, herring, molasses, wine, whale oil, and many other commodities in the English colonies by 1700. After the American Revolution in 1776, American merchants continued to use the same size barrels.[9]

Oil barrel
"Blue barrel" redirects here. For the cactus known as the "blue barrel cactus", see Echinocactus horizonthalonius.

In the worldwide oil industry, an oil barrel is defined as 42 US gallons, which is about 159 litres,[10] or 35 imperial gallons.[11]

Oil companies that are listed on American stock exchanges typically report their production in terms of volume and use the units bbl (one barrel), or kbbl or Mbbl (one kilobarrel, one thousand barrels), or MMbbl (one million barrels), and occasionally for wider comprehensive statistics Gbbl (or sometimes Gbl), for giga-barrel (one billion barrels).[12] There is a conflict concerning the units for oil barrels (see § Definitions and units). For all other physical quantities, according to the International System of Units, the uppercase letter "M" means "mega-" ("one million"), for example: Mm (one million metres, megametres), MHz (one million hertz, or megahertz), MW (one million watts, or megawatt), MeV (one million electronvolt, or megaelectronvolt). But due to tradition, the Mbbl acronym is used today meaning "one thousand bbl", as a heritage of the roman number "M" meaning "one thousand". On the other hand, there are efforts to avoid this ambiguity, and most of the barrel dealers today prefer to use bbl, instead of Mbbl, mbbl, MMbbl or mmbbl.

Outside the United States, volumes of oil are usually reported in cubic metres (m3) instead of oil barrels. Cubic metre is the basic volume unit in the International System. In Canada, oil companies measure oil in cubic metres, but convert to barrels on export, since most of Canada's oil production is exported to the US. The nominal conversion factor is 1 cubic metre = 6.2898 oil barrels,[13] but conversion is generally done by custody transfer meters on the border, since the volumes are specified at different temperatures, and the exact conversion factor depends on both density and temperature. Canadian companies operate internally and report to Canadian governments in cubic metres, but often convert to US barrels for the benefit of American investors and oil marketers. They generally quote prices in Canadian dollars per cubic metre to other Canadian companies, but use US dollars per barrel in financial reports and press statements, making it appear to the outside world that they operate in barrels.

Companies on the European stock exchanges report the mass of oil in tonnes. Since different varieties of petroleum have different densities, however, there is not a single conversion between mass and volume. For example, one tonne of heavy distillates might occupy a volume of 6.1 barrels (970 litres; 256 US gallons). In contrast, one tonne of crude oil might occupy 6.5 barrels (1,030 litres; 273 US gallons), and one tonne of gasoline will require 7.9 barrels (1,260 litres; 332 US gallons).[14] Overall, the conversion is usually between 6 and 8 barrels (954 and 1,270 litres; 252 and 336 US gallons) per tonne.

History

The measurement of an "oil barrel" originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields. The Drake Well, the first oil well in the US, was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859, and an oil boom followed in the 1860s. When oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes. Some of these barrels would originally have been used for other products, such as beer, fish, molasses, or turpentine. Both the 42-US-gallon (159 L) barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the 40-US-gallon (151.4 L) whiskey barrels were used. Also, 45-US-gallon (170 L) barrels were in common use. The 40 gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time.

Around 1866, early oil producers in Pennsylvania came to the conclusion that shipping oil in a variety of different containers was causing buyer distrust. They decided they needed a standard unit of measure to convince buyers that they were getting a fair volume for their money, and settled on the standard wine tierce, which was two gallons larger than the standard whisky barrel. The Weekly Register, an Oil City, Pennsylvania newspaper, stated on August 31, 1866 that "the oil producers have issued the following circular":

Whereas, It is conceded by all producers of crude petroleum on Oil Creek that the present system of selling crude oil by the barrel, without regard to the size, is injurious to the oil trade, alike to the buyer and seller, as buyers, with an ordinary sized barrel cannot compete with those with large ones. We, therefore, mutually agree and bind ourselves that from this date we will sell no crude by the barrel or package, but by the gallon only. An allowance of two gallons will be made on the gauge of each and every 40 gallons in favor of the buyer.

And by that means King Richard III's English wine tierce became the American standard oil barrel.[15]

By 1872, the standard oil barrel was firmly established as 42 US-gallons.[16] The 42 gallon standard oil barrel was officially adopted by the Petroleum Producers Association in 1872 and by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1882.[9]

In modern times, many different types of oil, chemicals, and other products are transported in steel drums. In the United States, these commonly have a capacity of 55 US gallons (208 L) and are referred to as such. They are called 210 litre or 200 kg drums outside the United States. In the United Kingdom and its former dependencies, a 44-imperial-gallon (200 L) drum is used, even though all those countries now officially use the metric system and the drums are filled to 200 litres. Thus, the 42 US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer a physical container used to transport crude oil, as most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers. In the United States, the 42 US-gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the oil industry, while different sizes of barrel are used in other industries. Nearly all other countries use the metric system.

Definitions and units

The abbreviations Mbbl and MMbbl refer to one thousand and one million barrels respectively. These are derived from the Latin "mille", meaning "thousand". This is different from the SI convention where "M" stands for the Greek "mega", meaning "million". Outside of the oil industry, the unit Mbbl (megabarrel) can sometimes stand for one million barrels. The "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Some sources assert that "bbl" originated as a symbol for "blue barrels" delivered by Standard Oil in its early days. However, while Ida Tarbell's 1904 Standard Oil Company history acknowledged the "holy blue barrel", the abbreviation "bbl" had been in use well before the 1859 birth of the U.S. petroleum industry.[17]

Oil wells recover not just oil from the ground, but also natural gas and water. The term barrels of liquid per day (BLPD) refers to the total volume of liquid that is recovered.[18] Similarly, barrels of oil equivalent or BOE is a value that accounts for both oil and natural gas while ignoring any water that is recovered.

Other terms are used when discussing only oil. These terms can refer to either the production of crude oil at an oil well, the conversion of crude oil to other products at an oil refinery, or the overall consumption of oil by a region or country. One common term is barrels per day (BPD, BOPD, bbl/d, bpd, bd, or b/d), where 1 BPD is equivalent to 0.0292 gallons per minute.[19] One BPD also becomes 49.8 tonnes per year.[19] At an oil refinery, production is sometimes reported as barrels per calendar day (b/cd or bcd), which is total production in a year divided by the days in that year. Likewise, barrels per stream day (BSD or BPSD) is the quantity of oil product produced by a single refining unit during continuous operation for 24 hours.[lower-alpha 1]

Burning a barrel of light, synthetic, or heavy crude yields 38.51, 39.40, or 40.90 GJ (thermal) respectively, so 1 bpd of synthetic crude is about 450 kW (slightly less for light crude, slightly more for heavy crude).[21]

Accuracy when converting from barrel to cubic metre

When used to denote a volume, one barrel is exactly 42 US gallons and is easily converted to any other unit of volume. As the US gallon since 1893 is defined as 3.785411784 litre, a volume of one barrel is exactly 158.987294928 litres. Using the approximate value 159 litre is about 0.013% off.

In the oil industry, following the definition of the American Petroleum Institute, a standard barrel of oil is often taken to mean the amount of oil that at a standard pressure 14.696 pounds per square inch (101.325 kPa) and temperature 60 °F (15.6 °C) would occupy a volume of exactly 1 barrel (159 L). This standard barrel of oil will occupy a different volume at different pressures and temperatures. A standard barrel in this context is thus not simply a measure of volume, but of volume under specific conditions. The task of converting this standard barrel of oil to a standard cubic metre of oil is complicated by the fact that the standard cubic metre is defined by the American Petroleum Institute to mean the amount of oil that at 101.325 kPa and 15 °C (59.0 °F) occupies 1 cubic metre. The fact that the conditions are not exactly the same means that an exact conversion is impossible unless the exact expansion coefficient of the crude is known, and this will vary from one crude oil to another.

For a light oil with density of 850 kilogram per cubic metre (API gravity of 35),[lower-alpha 2] warming the oil from 15.00 °C (59.00 °F) to 60.00 °F (15.56 °C) might increase its volume by about 0.047%. Conversely, a heavy oil with a density of 934 kg/m3 (API gravity of 20) might only increase in volume by 0.039%. If physically measuring the density at a new temperature is not possible, then tables of empirical data can be used to accurately predict the change in density. In turn, this allows maximum accuracy when converting between standard barrel and standard cubic metre. The logic above also implies the same level of accuracy in measurements for barrels if there is a 1 °F (0.56 °C) error in measuring the temperature at time of measuring the volume.

For ease of trading, communication and financial accounting, international commodity exchanges often set a conversion factor for benchmark crude oils. For instance the conversion factor set by the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for Western Canadian Select (WCS) crude oil traded at Hardisty, Alberta, Canada is 6.29287 U.S. barrels per cubic metre,[22] despite the uncertainty in converting the volume for crude oil. Regulatory authorities in producing countries set standards for measurement accuracy of produced hydrocarbons, where such measurements affect taxes or royalties to the government. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the measurement accuracy required is ±0.25%.[23]

Qualifiers

A barrel can technically be used to specify any volume. Since the actual nature of the fluids being measured varies along the stream, sometimes qualifiers are used to clarify what is being specified. In the oil field, it is often important to differentiate between rates of production of fluids, which may be a mix of oil and water, and rates of production of the oil itself. If a well is producing 10 mbd of fluids with a 20% water cut, then the well would also be said to be producing 8,000 barrels of oil a day (bod).

In other circumstances, it can be important to include gas in production and consumption figures. Normally, gas amount is measured in standard cubic feet or cubic metres for volume (as well as in kg or Btu, which don't depend on pressure or temperature). But when necessary, such volume is converted to a volume of oil of equivalent enthalpy of combustion. Production and consumption using this analogue is stated in barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed).

In the case of water-injection wells, in the United States it is common to refer to the injectivity rate in barrels of water per day (bwd). In Canada, it is measured in cubic metres per day (m3/d). In general, water injection rates will be stated in the same units as oil production rates, since the usual objective is to replace the volume of oil produced with a similar volume of water to maintain reservoir pressure.

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See also

Notes
  1. Barrels per stream day [′bar·əlz pər ¦strēm ‚dā] (chemical engineering) A measurement used to denote rate of oil or oil-product flow while a fluid-processing unit is in continuous operation. Abbreviated BSD.[20]
  2. API gravity calculated from density_oil as API_g = (141.5 / SG ) − 131.5,
    where SG is specific gravity = density_oil / density_water.

References
  1. Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford, UK: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
  2. "15 USC 234". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on 25 January 2006.
  3. Cardarelli, François (2003). Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures. London, UK: Springer. pp. 43–46. ISBN 978-1-4471-1122-1.
  4. "cranberry barrel". www.sizes.com. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  5. "U.S. Traditional and Commercial Barrel Sizes". 2000 Sizes, Inc. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
  6. "15 USC 237". uscode.house.gov. Archived from the original on 25 January 2006.
  7. 27 CFR § 25.11.
  8. Whitelaw, Ian. A Measure of All Things: The story of man and measurement. Macmillan. p. 60.
  9. "History of the 42 Gallon Oil Barrel". Oil & Gas History. American Oil & Gas Historical Society. 2016. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  10. 1 US liquid gallon = 231 cu in and 1 inch = 25.4 mm implies exactly 158.987294928 litres.
  11. B. N. Taylor. "B.8 Factors for Units, Listed Alphabetically - Section B". Guide for the Use of SI units. NIST. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 18 October 2007.
  12. Pike, John. "Oil". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  13. "Energy Conversion Tables". Energy Information. Canadian National Energy Board. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  14. "How much, for what, and ending up where?". United Nations Environment Programme Global Marine Oil Pollution Information Gateway.
  15. Pees, Samuel T. (2004). "Standardization". Oil History. Petroleum History Institute. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  16. "Barrel (of petroleum)". Units and Systems of Units. Sizes, Inc. 2004. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  17. "History of the 42 Gallon Oil Barrel". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
  18. Schlumberger Limited. "Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary". Schlumberger Limited. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  19. BP Statistical Review 2006.
  20. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms (6th ed.). 2003.
  21. "Energy conversion tables". Canada Energy Regulator.
  22. "Western Canadian Select (WCS) Crude Oil Futures" (PDF). NYMEX Rulebook. CME Group. 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  23. "Oil and gas: measurement of petroleum". The Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), UK. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
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