Australasian bittern

The Australasian bittern (Botaurus poiciloptilus), also known as the brown bittern or matuku hūrepo, is a large bird in the heron family Ardeidae. A secretive bird with a distinctive booming call, it is more often heard than seen. Australasian bitterns are endangered in both Australia and New Zealand.

Australasian bittern
By J. G. Keulemans in Buller's A History of the Birds of New Zealand
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Pelecaniformes
Family: Ardeidae
Genus: Botaurus
Species:
B. poiciloptilus
Binomial name
Botaurus poiciloptilus
(Wagler, 1827)
Global range     Year-Round Range     Summer Range     Winter Range

Taxonomy

German zoologist Johann Georg Wagler described the Australasian bittern in 1827. It is one of four similarly-plumaged species in the genus Botaurus.

Description
Botaurus poiciloptilus, Edithvale Wetlands, Australia

The length is from 650 to 750 mm with adults being similar between the sexes while the male is significantly larger. The bird has a deep brown upper surface, mauled with buff on wing coverts; face and eyebrow buff, with dark brown stripe running from bill to erectile plumes at sides of neck. Under surface buff, striped with brown. The face skin is a dull green as are the legs and feet, it possesses a dark brown bill, yellow eyes, and the base of the lower mandible is green-yellow.[2]

Behaviour

It feeds on aquatic animals such as frogs, eels and freshwater crustaceans. It is a solitary nester on the ground in dense wetland vegetation on trampled reeds and other plants. Monitoring of this species mainly relies upon the ability to count males based on the conspicuous breeding calls of males. Detailed analyses showed that the best time to detect Australasian Bitterns was 1 hour before sunrise, in September (austral spring), on a moonlit night with no cloud or rain.[3]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in south-western and south-eastern Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, New Caledonia and Ouvea. Populations in Australia and New Zealand have declined in the 20th century. It is a cryptic and partly nocturnal species that inhabits densely vegetated wetlands.

Status and conservation
Male Botaurus poiciloptilus mount from the collection of Auckland Museum

The principal cause of past and present decline is thought to be wetland drainage and degradation. In Australia it is thought to be particularly sensitive to the destruction of drought refugia. It is listed as endangered on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act of 1988.[4] Under this act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has not been prepared.[5] On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, this species is listed as endangered.[6]

Important bird areas

BirdLife International has identified the following sites, all of which are in Australia, as being important for Australasian bittern conservation:[7]

gollark: Maybe its response is the empty string and æ don't.
gollark: It only runs some monitoring stuff and Tailscale coordination.
gollark: It's only accessible by SSH key, so I don't see the problem, and yes.
gollark: That is, again, my VPS. My laptop does not allow SSH.
gollark: Why wouldn't I?

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Botaurus poiciloptilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Reader's digest complete book of Australian birds, Reader's Digest Services, 1977
  3. Williams, Emma M.; Armstrong, Doug P.; O'Donnell, Colin F. J. (2019). "Modelling variation in calling rates to develop a reliable monitoring method for the Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus". Ibis. 161 (2): 260–271. doi:10.1111/ibi.12611. ISSN 1474-919X.
  4. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 2008-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  5. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Victoria Archived 2008-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  6. Victorian Department of Sustainability and Environment (2007). Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate Fauna in Victoria - 2007. East Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-74208-039-0.
  7. "Australasian Bittern". Important Bird Areas. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived from the original on 2007-07-10. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
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