Atia (mother of Augustus)

Atia Balba Caesonia (also Atia Balba)[lower-roman 2][lower-roman 3] (85 BC – 43 BC) was the niece of Gaius Julius Caesar through his sister Julia Minor, mother of Gaius Octavius, who became the Emperor Augustus, step-grandmother of the Emperor Tiberius, great-grandmother of the Emperor Claudius, great-great grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, and great-great-great-grandmother of the Emperor Nero.

For the HBO Rome character, see Atia of the Julii.
Atia
Born85 B.C.
DiedAugust 43 B.C. (aged c. 42)
SpouseGaius Octavius
Lucius Marcius Philippus
IssueOctavia Minor
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus, Emperor of Rome
FatherMarcus Atius
MotherJulia Minor

The name Atia Balba was also borne by the other two daughters of Julia and her husband praetor Marcus Atius Balbus. They were Atia's older sister Atia Balba Prima, and her younger sister was Atia Balba Tertia. As a result, she was sometimes referred to as Atia Balba Secunda to differentiate her from her two sisters.[1]

Life

In his Dialogus de oratoribus, Tacitus notes her to be exceptionally religious and moral, and one of the most admired matrons in the history of the Republic:

In her presence no base word could be uttered without grave offence, and no wrong deed done. Religiously and with the utmost delicacy she regulated not only the serious tasks of her youthful charges, but also their recreations and their games.

Suetonius' account of Augustus mentions the divine omens she experienced before and after his birth:

When Atia had come in the middle of the night to the solemn service of Apollo, she had her litter set down in the temple and fell asleep, while the rest of the matrons also slept. On a sudden a serpent glided up to her and shortly went away. When she awoke, she purified herself, as if after the embraces of her husband, and at once there appeared on her body a mark in colours like a serpent, and she could never get rid of it; so that presently she ceased ever to go to the public baths. In the tenth month after that Augustus was born and was therefore regarded as the son of Apollo. Atia too, before she gave him birth, dreamed that her vitals were borne up to the stars and spread over the whole extent of land and sea, while Octavius dreamed that the sun rose from Atia's womb. (Suetonius:94:4)[2]

The day he was born the conspiracy of Catiline was before the House, and Octavius came late because of his wife's confinement; then Publius Nigidius, as everyone knows, learning the reason for his tardiness and being informed also of the hour of the birth, declared that the ruler of the world had been born. (Suetonius:94:5)[2]

Atia was so fearful for her son's safety that she and Philippus urged him to renounce his rights as Caesar's heir. She died during her son's first consulship, in August or September 43 BC. Octavian honored her memory with a public funeral. Another Philippus, consul suffectus in 38 BC and the son of her second husband from a previous marriage, later married one of her sisters.

Marriage, offspring and descendants
See also: Octavia the Younger § Descendants

Her first marriage was with Gaius Octavius, the praetor in 61 BC and then Macedonian governor. Her family lived close to Velitrae, ancestral home of the Octavii. They had two children: Octavia Minor, born in 69 BC, and the younger Gaius Octavius, born in 63 BC. Octavius died in 59 BC, when their son Gaius Octavius (future Roman emperor Augustus) was four years old. That same year Atia remarried to Lucius Marcius Philippus, consul in 56 BC. They had no known children.

Many of her children's descendants became major figures of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, among them were the emperors Caligula, Claudius and Nero.

Ancestry
See also: Julio-Claudian family tree

Cultural depictions

A fictionalised Atia of the Julii is portrayed by Polly Walker in the BBC-HBO-RAI television series Rome. There she is portrayed as shrewd, manipulative, sexually uninhibited, and extremely mindful of her family's advancement.

gollark: You're not doing nothing, so you don't.
gollark: Yes. Seasons are obsolete. We WILL remake them with technology.
gollark: Because 365.25 and all.
gollark: Not even cultural dependence, years are more irritating and complex.
gollark: It's an elegant, general and flexible representation.

See also

Footnotes
  1. Her inscriptions in the coin is "Accia Octavi[i] Avg[vsti] mater", meaning "Atia, mother of Octavi[us] Aug[ustus]."
  2. The caeso part in Caesonia originates from caedere ("to cut"), if it were her true cognomen, possibly indicating the relationship with her only maternal uncle, Julius Caesar. In one interpretation, the cognomen Caesar of the gens Julia originated from a caeso matris utero ("born by Caesarean section"). See also: Gaius Julius Caesar (name).
  3. Caesonia might have been a misplacement of the nomen gentilicium of Milonia Caesonia, fourth wife of Caligula (her descendant through both Octavia the Younger and Augustus).

References
  1. Syme, Ronald (1989). The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2. A third Atia can now be conjured up. (Limited Preview of this page at Google Books)
  2. Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Retrieved at UChicago.edu
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