Atheris squamigera

Atheris squamigera (common names: green bush viper,[2][3] variable bush viper,[4][5] leaf viper,[5] Hallowell's green tree viper,[6] and others) is a venomous viper species endemic to west and central Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized.[7]

Atheris squamigera
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Viperidae
Genus:	Atheris
Species:	A. squamigera
Binomial name
Atheris squamigera (Hallowell, 1856)
Synonyms[1]
Echis squamigera Hallowell, 1856 T [oxicoa]. squamigera — Cope, 1860 Atheris squamatus Cope, 1862 Toxicoa squamata — Cope, 1862 Echis squamata — Cope, 1862 Poecilostolus Burtonii Günther, 1863 Atheris burtonii — Günther, 1863 A[theris]. squamigera — W. Peters, 1864 Atheris Lucani Rochebrune, 1885 Atheris subocularis Fischer, 1888 Atheris squamiger — Boulenger, 1896 Atheris squamigera — Bogert, 1940 Atheris squamigera squamigera — Laurent, 1956 Atheris squamigera robusta Laurent, 1956 Atheris squamiger squamiger — Klemmer, 1963 Atheris squamiger — Hughes & Barry, 1969 Atheris squamiger robustus — Golay et al. 1993 Atheris squamigera — Broadley, 1996

Description

Atheris squamigera grows to an average total length (body + tail) of 46 to 60 cm (about 18 to 24 inches), with a maximum total length that sometimes exceeds 78 cm (about 31 inches). Females are usually larger than males.[2]

The head is broad and flat, distinct from the neck. The mouth has a very large gape. The head is thickly covered with keeled, imbricate scales. The rostral scale is not visible from above. A very small scale just above the rostral is flanked by very large scales on either side. The nostrils are lateral. The eye and the nasal are separated by 2 scales. Across the top of the head, there are 7 to 9 interorbital scales. There are 10 to 18 circumorbital scales. There are 2 (rarely 1 or more than 2) rows of scales that separate the eyes from the labials. There are 9 to 12 supralabials and 9 to 12 sublabials. Of the latter, the anterior 2 or 3 touch the chin shields, of which there is only one small pair. The gular scales are keeled.[2]

Midbody there are 15 to 23 rows of dorsal scales, 11 to 17 posteriorly. There are 152 to 175 ventral scales and 45 to 67 undivided subcaudals. It is possible that there is a variation in morphometric characters related to habitat:[2]

	Southern forests	Northern grasslands
Midbody dorsal scale rows	17	21
Ventral scales	171	168
Subcaudal scales	52	58

The coloration is the same in some populations, but variable in others. The dorsal color varies from sage green or light green to green, dark green, bluish, olive or dark olive brown. Rare specimens may be found that are yellow, reddish or slate gray. The scales have light-colored keels and sometimes yellow tips that form a series of 30 or more light crossbands or chevrons. On the tail, there are 10 to 19 chevrons: not always clearly defined, but usually present. The ventral edge of the dorsum has light spots in pairs. An interstitial black color is visible only when the skin is stretched. The belly is yellow or dull to pale olive; it may be uniform in color, or heavily mottled with blackish spots. The throat is sometimes yellow. The tail has a conspicuous ivory white tip, 7 to 12 mm long, extending back over 10 subcaudals.[2]

Neonates have a dark, olive coloration with wavy bars, paler olive or yellowish olive with fine dark olive margins, bars at 5 mm (0.20 in) intervals, and a belly that is paler greenish olive. The adult color pattern develops within 3 to 4 months.[2]

Common names

Common names for A. squamigera include green bush viper,[2][3] variable bush viper,[4][5] leaf viper, common bush viper,[5] bush viper,[8] and tree viper,[9] Hallowell's green tree viper.[6]

Geographic range

Atheris squamigera is found in West and central Africa: Ivory Coast and Ghana, eastward through southern Nigeria to Cameroon, southern Central African Republic, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, northern Angola, Uganda, Tanzania (Rumanika Game Reserve), western Kenya and Bioko Island.

The type locality is given as "Near the river Gaboon, Guinea" [Gabon].[1]

Habitat

Atheris squamigera inhabits mostly rainforest, preferring relatively low and thick flowering bushes.[3]

Breeding in captivity

Atheris squamigera requires a very high level of humidity to breed. In one case, males and females were kept separate from January to the end of November. Two females became gravid (with one observed mating). Each produced eight young: a smaller percentage were yellow (possible recessive gene), most being green. In each brood, there was also one nonviable green specimen. Some of the neonates fed readily on frogs, while the others had to be force-fed pinkie mice. All fed independently after a few months.[2]

Venom

Bites from A. squamigera have resulted in at least one report of severe hematological complications[10] as well as two deaths. Although no specific antivenom is made for the genus Atheris, antivenom for the genus Echis has been shown to be partially effective in neutralizing Atheris venom.[11]

Taxonomy

A number of subspecies of A. squamigera may be encountered in literature. These include:[1][2][3]

• Atheris squamigera squamigera (Hallowell, 1856), found in Ghana to Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, western Kenya and Angola.[2]
• Atheris squamigera robusta Laurent, 1956, from the Ituri Forest in Province Orientale (DR Congo).[2] It is sometimes described as growing larger, having a lower subcaudal count and only a single row of scales between the eye and the upper labials.[3]
• Atheris squamigera anisolepis Mocquard, 1887, (see A. anisolepis).

Furthermore, specimens from Dimonika and Menengue in Congo are sometimes treated as a separate species: A. laeviceps. It has been distinguished as having a group of small scales on top of the head, a row of scales that separates the suboculars and the upper labials, as well as a yellow coloration.[3]

References

1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2. Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
3. Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Oriental Press/Ralph Curtis Books. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
4. Atheris squamigera at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 August 2007.
5. Atheris squamigera at The World Of Atheris. Accessed 9 September 2007.
6. About name : Hallowell's green tree viper
7. "Atheris squamigera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
8. Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
9. U.S. Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: United States Government/Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
10. Mebsa D, Holadab K, Kornalíkc F, et al. (October 1998). "Severe coagulopathy after a bite of a green bush viper (Atheris squamiger): Case report and biochemical analysis of the venom". Toxicon. 36 (10): 1333–40. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00008-7. PMID 9723832.
11. Venom at The World Of Atheris. Accessed 9 September 2007.

Further reading

• Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I–XXV. (Atheris squamiger, pp. 509–510).
• Golay P, Smith HM, Broadley DG, Dixon JR, McCarthy CJ, Rage J-C, Schätti B, Toriba M (1993). Endoglyphs and Other Major Venomous Snakes of the World. A Checklist. Geneva: Azemiops. 478 pp.
• Hallowell E (1856). "Descriptions of new Reptiles from Guinea". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: 193–194. (Echis squamigera, new species, p. 193).

External links