Ascia

Ascia monuste, the great southern white or pirpinto in Argentina,[1][2] is a butterfly which is the only species in the genus Ascia of the family Pieridae. In this species the sexes may differ with the female being either light or dark colored. It is found from the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, and south through tropical America to Argentina. It is migratory along the southeastern coast of the United States, with strays to Maryland, Kansas, and Colorado.

Great southern white
Dorsal side
Ventral side of A. m. eubotea
in Grand Cayman
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Pieridae
Tribe: Pierini
Genus: Ascia
Scopoli, 1777
Species:
A. monuste
Binomial name
Ascia monuste
(Linnaeus, 1764)
Synonyms
  • Papilio monuste Linnaeus, 1764
  • Synchloë monuste (Linnaeus, 1764)
  • Pontia monuste (Linnaeus, 1764)
  • Cepora heliades Billberg, 1820
  • Pontia feronia Stephens, 1828
  • Papilio albusta Sepp, [1851]
  • Papilio phileta Fabricius, 1775
  • Pieris cleomes Boisduval & Le Conte, [1830]
  • Mylothris hemithea Geyer, 1832
  • Pieris evonima Boisduval, 1836
  • Pieris vallei Boisduval, 1836
  • Pieris joppe Boisduval, 1836
  • Mylothris hippomonuste Hübner, [1819]

Larvae have distinct body segments within which there appears to be four to six subsegments. They are purplish-green with two longitudinal, greenish-yellow stripes on each side and the dorsal side. When full-grown, they are approximately one and a quarter inches long.[3] The wingspan in adults is 63–86 mm. Adults are on wing all year round in southern Texas, peninsular Florida and along the Gulf Coast.

A. monuste is a migrating species that moves in one direction within its life span and does not return. It breeds in Florida but sometimes migrates along the coast up to 160 km to breed in more suitable areas.

Life history

This species seeks out appropriate plant hosts for oviposition by detection of compounds called glycosinolates present in the family Brassicaceae.[4] Adults appear to prefer to lay their eggs on certain areas of the plant. On kale leaves, for example, the preferred regions are the apical, medium and basal parts of the leaves.[5] The average number of eggs laid is about 43 with as many as 245, being laid singly or in clusters.[6] A. m. monuste has been observed feeding on the chorion soon after hatching as their first food, as well as hatchlings feeding on eggs. It has been suggested that this behaviour provides them with extra protein.[6] If a female oviposits on a plant already supporting conspecifics, cannibalism is more likely. Since they have a high growth rate and a non-regulated body temperature, herbivorous insects require a higher quantity of protein. It is questionable that A. monuste is strictly herbivorous as they often consume conspecific eggs.[7] Larvae have been seen consuming whole eggs from the same clutch or others nearby on the same leaf. This behaviour appears to be advantageous from an evolutionary stand point as this is an opportunistic behaviour and can increase fitness.[8]

In general, the development time for eggs ranges from 4–5 days in field conditions and 3.4 days in laboratory conditions. The developmental time for the larvae and pupae ranges between subspecies from 11.0– 17.4 days for the first five instars for A. m. orseis, and 6.1– 9.56 days for A. m. monuste. Pupation can be from 5.9–10 days long, and adults can live from 4.3 – 5 days for males and 8–10 days for females.

The larvae, known in Brazil as cabbage caterpillars [9] or kale caterpillars,[4] feed on Brassicaceae (including Cakile maritima, cultivated cabbage and radish and Lepidium species) and plants in the family Capparidaceae, including nasturtium. Chemical characteristics of the plant that affect the development of the larvae include the: nitrogen content, carbohydrates and water content, as well as physical characteristics such as: hardness, size, form, texture, temporal and spatial distribution and abundance. Nitrogen is required for the production of protein during the early instars.[10]

Newly hatched larvae will remain on a single plant, as they are not very mobile. After the 5th instar, they are more mobile and can move to another plant. Larvae dispersion appears to occur in a random fashion, so in order for the larvae to be successful, the plants need to be close together for them to find another plant. Intraspecific competition between larvae generally doesn't occur between the 1st and 2nd instars because they do not consume a lot.[9] Competition may become a problem once they hatch into the final three instars.[9] Adults feed on nectar from various flowers including saltwort, lantana, and verbena. It is a sporadic pest of crucifer vegetables in southern Texas.

Pest species of Brassicaceae

Damage to the plant is caused by the larvae that, upon hatching, feed on the leaves for almost the entirety of their developmental cycle.[11] This can be so damaging, that up to 100% of the entire crop can be lost. One method of decreasing this damage is by the use of pesticides. These, however can be detrimental to human health as well as the environment. Another method that is being explored is the use of host plant resistance, which is safer and more sustainable.[11] Resistant crops are becoming increasingly popular as pesticides have quite a few drawbacks. Resistance can be seen as antixenosis, tolerance and antibiosis.[12]

Subspecies
  • Ascia monuste monuste (southern United States to Surinam)
  • Ascia monuste phileta
  • Ascia monuste virginia (West Indies, St. Vincent)
  • Ascia monuste eubotea (Cuba)
  • Ascia monuste orseis (Brazil, Argentina)
  • Ascia monuste suasa (Peru)
  • Ascia monuste automate (Argentina)
  • Ascia monuste raza (Baja California Sur)
  • Dorsal view
  • Ventral view
gollark: galaxtone is coolGalaxtone: *is stupid*
gollark: I'll think about it.
gollark: "Group"? How would this bé çoñfigured?
gollark: Hmm. Odd.
gollark: Did you also configure the networking in the rack thingy properly?

References
  1. Hogue, Charles Leonard (1993). Latin American Insects and Entomology. University of California Press. p. 341. ISBN 0520078497.
  2. "Invasión de piéridos en Tucumán, Argentina". axxon.com.ar (in Spanish). 4 February 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  3. Capinera, J. 2001. Handbook of vegetable pests. Gulf Professional Publishing.
  4. Barros-Bellanda, H.C.H. & F.S. Zucoloto. 2003. Importance of larval migration (dispersal) for the survival of Ascia monuste (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Neotropical Entomology 32: 011-017.
  5. Catta-Preta, P.D. & F.S. Zucoloto. 2003. Oviposition behavior and performance aspects of Ascia monuste (Godart, 1919) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) on kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 47: 169-174.
  6. Liu, T.-X. 2005. Biology and life history of Ascia monuste monuste (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a potential pest of cruciferous vegetables. Entomological Society of America 98: 726-731.
  7. Zago-Braga, R.C. & F.S. Zucoloto. 2004. Cannibalism studies on eggs newly hatched caterpillars in a wild population of Ascia monuste (Godart) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 48: 415-420.
  8. Santana, A.F.K., R.C. Zago & F.S. Zucoloto. 2011. Effects of sex, host-plant deprivation and cannibalistic behavior of wild Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 55: 95-101.
  9. Barros-Bellanda, H.C.H. & F.S. Zucoloto. 2002. Effects of intraspecific competition and food deprivation on the immature phase of Ascia monuste orseis (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Iheringia, Série Zoologia 92: 93-98.
  10. Bittencourt-Rodrigues, R.S. & F.S. Zucoloto. 2009. How feeding on young and old leaves affects the performance of Ascia monuste orseis (Godart) (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 53: 102-106.
  11. Baldin, E.L.L., E.C. Schlick-Souza, A.L. Lourenção & R.S. Camargo. 2014. Resistance of collard greens to Ascia monuste orseis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Arthropod-Plant Interactions 9: 67-74.
  12. Schlick-Souza, E.C. & A.L. Lourenção, A.L. 2011. Variation in the host preferences and responses of Ascia monuste orseis Godart (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) to cultivars of collard greens Brassica oleracea (L.) var. acephala. Journal of Pest Science 84: 429-436.
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