Argemone mexicana

Argemone mexicana (Mexican poppy,[1] Mexican prickly poppy, flowering thistle,[2] cardo or cardosanto) is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in many parts of the world. An extremely hardy pioneer plant, it is tolerant of drought and poor soil, often being the only cover on new road cuttings or verges. It has bright yellow latex. It is poisonous to grazing animals, and it is rarely eaten, but it has been used medicinally by many peoples, including those in its native area, as well as the Natives of the western US, parts of Mexico and many parts of India. In India, during the colorful festival Holika Dahan, adults and children worship by offering flowers, and this species is in its maximum flowering phase during March when the Holi festival is celebrated. It is also referred to as "kateli ka phool” in India.

Argemone mexicana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Papaveraceae
Genus: Argemone
Species:
A. mexicana
Binomial name
Argemone mexicana
Indian Argemone mexicana
Argemone mexicana - MHNT

Chemical constituents
Protopine

Argemone mexicana seeds contain 22–36% of a pale yellow non-edible oil, called argemone oil or katkar oil, which contains the toxic alkaloids sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine. Four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine, have been isolated from the whole plant of Argemone mexicana.[3]

The seed pods secrete a pale yellow latex when cut open. This argemone resin contains berberine and protopine.

Toxicity

The seeds resemble the seeds of Brassica nigra (mustard). As a result, mustard can be adulterated by argemone seeds, rendering it poisonous. Several significant instances of katkar poisoning have been reported in India, Fiji, South Africa and other countries. The last major outbreak in India occurred in 1998. 1% adulteration of mustard oil by argemone oil has been shown to cause clinical disease.[4] In India, Argemone oil is mixed with sunflower oil and sesame oil to increase the quantity, but this adulteration causes health disorders and renowned brands display "no argemone oil" to qualify purity.[5]

Katkar plant in jharkhand, India

Katkar oil poisoning causes epidemic dropsy, with symptoms including extreme swelling, particularly of the legs.

Traditional medicine

The Seri of Sonora, Mexico use the entire plant both fresh and dried. An infusion is made to relieve kidney pain, to help expel a torn placenta, and in general to help cleanse the body post-natally.[6]

When the Spanish arrived in Sonora they added this plant to their pharmacopia and called it cardosanto, which should not be mistranslated to blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus). The seeds are taken as a laxative.[7]

An Argemone mexicana tea is used by traditional healers in Mali to treat malaria. The whole plant is used to make a tea and as much tea as possible is drunk until symptoms disappear.[8] This use has been studied clinically for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria.[9][10] In one study, 73% of patients treated had an adequate clinical response, but very few patients had complete parasite clearance.[11] Another study found that use of Argemone mexicana may be a suitable first-aid treatment in rural areas when access to other better antimalarials is delayed.[12]

In Tamilnadu, India, this plant is named bramha thandu. This has many medicinal benefits. Traditionally, the flowers are soaked in water overnight and cleaning the eyes with this water helps improve eyesight. The juice of these leaves helps in treating various skin conditions. This is also used for treating scorpion and snake bites. When the plant is dried and powdered and used as tea or when mixed with honey and consumed, it helps with cough, asthma and improves overall respiratory health. The roots are cleaned, soaked, ground and consumed to eliminate any worms in the intestines. The dry powder is used to brush teeth to prevent any gum problems. In the traditional medicine of India, the yellow sap of A. mexicana and the whole plant are also used in jaundice therapy.[13]

Other uses

Biodiesel production from A. mexicana seed oil using crystalline manganese carbonate has been demonstrated.

gollark: ++remind 7h fix https://github.com/Baidicoot/Baidicoot.github.io/blob/master/assets/main.css <@330678593904443393> protocol 27-sigma
gollark: Are we to operate esolangs core wars?
gollark: I do that sometimes.
gollark: Ah, exhalation.
gollark: As planned.

See also

References
  1. "BSBI List 2007". Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2014-10-23. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  2. Thomas C. Fuller (1986). Poisonous plants of California. University of California Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-0-520-05569-8. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  3. Singh, S.; Singh, T. D.; Singh, V. P.; Pandey, V. B. (February 2010). "Quaternary Alkaloids of Argemone mexicana". Pharmaceutical Biology. 48 (2): 158–160. doi:10.3109/13880200903062622. PMID 20645832.
  4. "Epidemic dropsy". WHO South East Asia Regional Office. Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-17.
  5. "What is argemone oil?". The Times of India. The Times of India. 31 August 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  6. Felger, R. S.; Moser, M. B. (1985). People of the Desert and Sea. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.
  7. Moore, M. (1990). Los Remedios: Traditional Herbal Remedies of the Southwest. Santa Fe, NM: Museum of New Mexico Press.
  8. Willcox, M. L.; Graz, B.; Falquet, J.; et al. (2007). "Argemone mexicana Decoction for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria" (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 101 (12): 1190–1198. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.05.017. PMID 17920092.
  9. Merlin L Willco; Bertrand Graz; Jacques Falquet; Chiaka Diakite; Sergio Giani; Drissa Diallo (2011). "A "reverse pharmacology" approach for developing an anti-malarial phytomedicine". Malaria Journal. 10 (Suppl 1): S8. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S8. PMC 3059466. PMID 21411019.
  10. Borrell, B. (2014-01-06). "Drug Developers Take a Second Look at Herbal Medicines". Scientific American. 310 (6): 64–9. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0614-64. PMID 25004577.
  11. Merlin L. Willcox; Bertrand Graz; Jacques Falquet; Oumar Sidibé; Mathieu Forster; Drissa Diallo (2007). "Argemone mexicana decoction for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria" (PDF). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 101 (12): 1190–1198. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.05.017. PMID 17920092.
  12. Bertrand Graza; Merlin L. Willcoxa; Chiaka Diakiteb; Jacques Falqueta; Florent Dackuo; Oumar Sidibe; Sergio Giani; Drissa Diallo (2010). "Argemone mexicana decoction versus artesunate-amodiaquine for the management of malaria in Mali: Policy and public-health implications" (PDF). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 104 (1): 33–41. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.07.005. PMID 19733875.
  13. Tewari D, Mocan A, Parvanov ED, Sah AN, Nabavi SM, Huminiecki L, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Horbańczuk JO, Atanasov AG (2017). "Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I". Front Pharmacol. 8: 518. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00518. PMC 5559545. PMID 28860989.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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