Antrophyopsis

Antrophyopsis is a genus of vittarioid ferns, a member of subfamily Vittarioideae and family Pteridaceae. Like other vittarioids, ferns in the genus are epiphytes with simple, straplike leaves. They are native to tropical Africa and islands of the Indian Ocean. The presence of a midrib in their leaves, the shape of their spores, and the shape of cells at the tip of their paraphyses (minute hairs on the spore-bearing structures) help to distinguish members of the genus from other vittarioids. The group was raised to the level of genus in 2016.

Antrophyopsis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Family: Pteridaceae
Subfamily: Vittarioideae
Genus: Antrophyopsis
(Benedict) Schuett.
Type species
Antrophyopsis boryana
(Willd.) Schuett.

Description

Like most other vittarioid ferns, members of the genus have simple, straplike leaves. The rhizome has a distinct upper and lower side, lacking radial symmetry. Leaves are borne in two ranks in a single plane and lack a costa (midrib), unlike Scoliosorus. The leaves have netlike venation, with three or more rows of areolae ("gaps" in the net of veins) on either side of the midline, with the exception of A. bivittata, which has two to three freely branching veins. Sori follow the veins, forming a network in those species with netlike venation. The sori bear paraphyses (minute hairs) with spherical cells at the tip. Spores are monolete, unlike Antrophyum sensu stricto, which has trilete spores.[1]

Taxonomy

Three species are presently known from the genus:

  • Antrophyopsis bivittata (C. Chr.) Schuett.
  • Antrophyopsis boryana (Willd.) Schuett.
  • Antrophyopsis manniana (Hook.) Schuett.

The genus was originally defined in 1907 by Ralph C. Benedict as a subgenus of a (broadly defined) Antrophyum, typified by Antrophyum boryanum and including three other species[2] (since reduced to two varieties of Antrophyopsis boryana and the species A. manniana).[3] Benedict noted that the subgenus was distinguished by sori not sunken into the leaf, forming a complete reticulate network, monolete ("diplanate") spores, bulging tips on the paraphyses on the sori, and bumpy cell walls on the scales of the stipe.[2][4]

The first molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids, by Edmund H. Crane, found Antrophyum boryanum to be sister to Scoliosorus ensiformis. As both species share monolete spores, Crane transferred A. boryanum and A. mannianum to Scoliosorus.[5] A more extensive phylogeny using multiple chloroplast markers, published in 2016 by Eric Schuettpelz et al., placed these species together with A. bivittatum in a clade sister to the rest of Antrophyum and distant from Scoliosorus. In light of their distinctive spore morphology and geographic distribution when compared to the remainder of Antrophyum, Schuettpelz raised the subgenus to genus level, incorporating the three aforementioned species.[1]

Distribution

Members of the genus are found in tropical Africa and islands of the Indian Ocean.[1]

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References
  1. Schuettpelz, Eric; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Kessler, Michael; Pinson, Jerald B.; Johnson, Gabriel; Davila, Alex; Cochran, Alyssa T.; Huiet, Layne; Pryer, Kathleen M. (August 2016). "A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data". Taxon. 65 (4): 708–722. doi:10.12705/654.2.
  2. Benedict, Ralph C. (1907). "The genus Antrophyum—I. Synopsis of subgenera, and the American species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 34 (9): 445–458. doi:10.2307/2479065. JSTOR 2479065.
  3. Lindsay, Stuart (2003). "Considerations for a revision of the fern family Vittariaceae for Flora Malesiana". Telopea. 10 (1): 99–112. doi:10.7751/telopea20035609.
  4. Benedict, Ralph C. (1911). "The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 38 (4): 153–190. doi:10.2307/2479298. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu56099444. JSTOR 2479298.
  5. Crane, Edmund H. (1997). "A Revised Circumscription of the Genera of the Fern Family Vittariaceae". Systematic Botany. 22 (3): 509–517. doi:10.2307/2419824. JSTOR 2419824.
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