Annapurna (goddess)

Annapurna or Annapoorna (Sanskrit: अन्नपूर्णा, IAST: Annapūrṇa, lit. filled with or possessed of food)[1] is the Hindu goddess of food and nourishment. Worship and offering of food are highly praised in Hinduism, and therefore, the goddess Annapurna is regarded as a popular deity. She is a manifestation of the goddess Parvati, the consort of Shiva[2], and is eulogized in the Annada Mangal, a narrative poem in Bengali by Bharatchandra Ray. The Annapurna Sahasranam is dedicated to the goddess and praises her one thousand names, while the Annapurna Shatanama Stotram is dedicated to her 108 names.

For surbahar player, see Annapurna Devi.
Annapurna
Goddess of Food and Nourishment
Annapurna Devi (sitting on throne) giving alms to Shiva (left), a scene from Annada Mangal, colour lithograph, 1895.
Sanskrit transliterationAnnapūrṇa
Sanskritअन्नपूर्णा
AffiliationDevi, Durga, Parvati (Adi Parashakti) [1]
AbodeKashi
Kailash
SymbolPot and ladle
ConsortShiva (Dashavaktra)

A few temples exist that are dedicated to her, the most prominent being the Annapurna Devi Mandir in Varanasi. Since Akshaya Tritiya is considered to be the birthdate of the goddess Annapurna, the day is believed to be very auspicious for buying gold jewelry.[3]

Etymology

Annapurna is derived from Sanskrit meaning the giver of food and nourishment. Anna (अन्न) means "food" or "grains" and pūrṇa (पूर्ण) means "full, complete and perfect."

It is believed that Mount Annapurna in the Himalayas is named after her as the goddess is believed to be one of the daughters of Himavat, the king of the mountains.[4] The Western world names her the "Hindu God of Cooking," considering her association with food items.[5]

The other names of Annapurna are:[6]

  • Viśālākshī (Sanskrit: विशालाक्षी) – she who has large eyes.
  • Viśvaśakti (Sanskrit: विश्वशक्ति) – world power.
  • Viśvamātā (Sanskrit: विश्वमाता) – mother of the world.
  • Sṛṣtihetukāvaradānī (Sanskrit: सृष्टिहेतुकावरदानी) – she who is a boon granter for the sake of the world.
  • Bhuvaneśvarī (Sanskrit: भुवनेश्वरी) – goddess of earth.
  • Renu – goddess of Atom.
  • Annadā (Sanskrit: अन्नदा) – donor of food.

Legend
Annapoorna serving food to Shiva

One day, the god Shiva and his consort Parvati got into an argument about the material world. Shiva said that everything materialistic was just an illusion, including the food that the humans ate. This infuriated Parvati, who governs materialistic aspects. To show Shiva and the world her importance, she disappeared, saying that she wanted to see how the world would survive without her.

With Parvati's disappearance, the world was deprived of food, and there occurred a famine. Shiva's followers begged him for food; even the Gods were forced to beg for food, but could not find any food. Finally, Shiva and his followers came to know that there was only one kitchen on earth, in the city of Varanasi (Kashi), where food was still available.

Shiva went to Kashi to beg for food. To his surprise, the kitchen was owned by his wife Parvati, but in the form of Annapurna. She wore celestial purple and brown garments, which were lightly adorned with ornaments. She was seated on a throne, serving and distributed food to the starving gods and hungry inhabitants of the earth. Annapurna offered her food as alms to Shiva and made him realize that as Brahman, Shiva might have outgrown hunger; but his followers had not.[6]

Iconography
Annapurna with a ladle and pot.

The Agamas (religious texts) describe the iconography of Annapoorna as a youthful goddess having red complexion with a face round like the full moon, three eyes, high breasts, and four hands. The lower left hand is depicted as holding a vessel full of delicious porridge. The right hand with a golden ladle adorned with various jewels. The other two hands depict the Abhaya and Varada poses. She is depicted with wristlets and golden jewelry on her chest. She is seated on a throne with the crescent moon adorning her head.[7]

In some depictions, Shiva is shown standing to her right with a begging bowl, begging her for alms. Shiva in Annapoorna Stotra described the deity always holding a scripture, akshamala and opener of doors of Moksha in her hands in place of vessel and ladle, indicating his prayer to Annapoorna being spiritual perfection rather than food.[8]

Literary sources

Annapurna is mentioned in Hindu religious texts such as the Rudrayamala, Sivarahasya, Annapurnamantratsava, Maha Tripurasiddhanta, Annapurna Kavacha, Annapurnahavamti, Annapurnamalininaksatramalika, and Bhairvahyantantra.[6] The Kumara Sambhavam by Kalidasa makes vivid mention about Varanasi and the deity Annapurna. The goddess is also described as the source of knowledge and the main deity in the Annapurna Upanishad, which is considered a minor Upanishad among the 108 Upanishads. In this text, praying to Annapurna is the means by which the sage Ribhu attains knowledge.

The Devi Bhagavata written during the 3rd and 4th centuries CE refers to Annapurna as the goddess of Kanchipuram and Vishalakshi as the goddess of Varanasi. The Skanda Purana, written during the 7th century, states the sage Vyasa was led to Varanasi by a curse, and Annapurna came as a housewife and offered him food. The Linga Purana mentions that Shiva was begging for food for his children as he could not get food in the world due to a miracle created by his consort Parvati. Parvati came out as Annapurna and offered food to Shiva at his doorsteps. The legend of Kasi Viswanath Temple in Varanasi is associated with the story that Shiva built the temple there in her honour.[9] Adi Sankara (8th century), the proponent of the Advaita school of Hinduism, has written Annapurna Stotra, a book glorifying the deity.

The mention of Annapurna is also found in Kumara Sambhava, a Telugu literature, by Nannechola, a Saiva poet of the 12th century. There is also a mention of the deity in Kasikhanda by Srinatha, a Telugu poet of the 13th century.[8]

Worship

Food is considered sacred in Hinduism, and prayers are offered before consuming it. The person who identifies the importance of Annam (food) within the five layers of the body helps carry life in the worldly process and subsequently seeks to identify Brahman, the enlightenment. Annadana, the donation of food, is highly praised in Hinduism. The importance of Annadana is prescribed in the Vishnu Dharamottara, Agni Purana, Padma Purana, Kurma Purana, Nandi Purana, and Vayu Purana.[6]

Annapoorna with consort Shiva

Annapurna is worshipped through the recitation of her thousand names and her one hundred and eight names. The Sri Annapurna Ashtakam composed by Shankaracharya is chanted by several devout Hindus around the world as a prayer for nourishment, wisdom, and renunciation. Before partaking of any food, Hindus chant the following prayer:

Oṃ Annapūrṇe sadāpūrṇe Śaṇkara prāṇa vallabhe jñāna vairāgya siddhyartham bhikṣām dehī ca pārvatī. Māta me Pārvatī devī pitā devo Maheśvara bāndhavāḥ Śiva bhaktāsca svadeśo bhūvanatrayam.

Oh Annapurna, who is forever complete, more beloved to Lord Shiva than life. Oh Parvati give me the alms of Your grace to, awaken within me spiritual knowledge, inner freedom, prosperity, and spiritual attainment.

My mother is Goddess Parvati, my father is the Supreme Lord Maheshwara (Shiva).

My relatives are the devotees of Lord Shiva, wherever they are in the three worlds.

The Annapurna Vrat Katha containing stories of her devotees are also recited by her devotees.

In Marathi weddings, the bride is given metal idols of goddess Annapurna and Bala Krishna by her mother. She worships them before the wedding, by offering rice and grains to the idols. This Viddhi (custom) is known as Gauri Harap. She also takes images of her husband`s house and places the idols on them.

Temples

Though Annapurna is a popular deity, there are few temples dedicated to her.[8]

  • (Annapurna Devi Mandir) dedicated to Annapurna is in Varanasi, U.P. Annapurna is the Goddess of the city of Kashi (Varanasi), where she is regarded as the queen of Varanasi alongside her consort Vishweshwar (Shiva), the King of Varanasi. In the temple, at noon every day, prasad (foods offered to the goddess) are distributed to the elderly and disabled. During Navaratri, food is distributed on a larger scale.[10]
  • In West Bengal, the ShivaShakti Annapurna temple in Barrackpore was built by Rani Rashmoni's daughter Jagadamba Devi in 1875. This temple was modeled after the famous Dakshineswar Kali Temple.
  • In Madhya Pradesh, Annapurna Mandir (Temple) is located near Lal Bagh Palace in Indore.
  • Annapoorneshwari Temple, is situated at Horanadu in the Western Ghats, Chikkamagaluru of Karnataka, where afternoon and evening prayers are held after the devotees are fed.
  • In Kerala, there is a temple in Chalappally village by the name Kunnam Annapoorneswari Devi Temple.
  • A temple of the goddess is in Cherukunnu, Kannur, Kerala by the name Annapurneshwari Temple, Cherukunnu.
  • In Puducode town of Kerala, there is Puducode Annapoorneswari Temple, where the grand celebration of Navaratri held yearly with grand feast, which is crowded by thousands of devotees from all around the globe, those who have migrated and settled elsewhere.
  • In Thodupuzha town, there is Thachukuzhikavu Annapoorneswari-Bhadrakali-Navagraha Temple.
  • A temple for Annapurna has been constructed near Watrap, on the way to Saduragiri. The temple is in the shape of an eight-sided pyramid. Annapurna temple named Andakasieswari is under construction at Achangudi near to Tiruvadanai Town in Ramanathapuram district in Tamil Nadu and another temple is under construction at Pathikonda, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh.
  • In Hyderabad, her temples are found in Jafferguda. Her temples are there in Jalandhar and Bhatinda in Punjab.
  • In Maharashtra, her temples are found in Bhandara and Akola. One of the temple is located in Manegaon of Solapur District
  • Her temples are also found in Gujarat. In Unjha, Gujarat, she is worshipped in as Umiya Mata. Some people in Gujarat and Rajasthan also consider Ashapura Mata as an incarnation of Annapoorna Mata. In Rajasthan, her temples are found in Mishroli village in Jhalawar district and Kagdara village in Pali district. There is one temple of Annapoorna Mata in Chittor Fort. It was built by Maharana Hamir Singh. There are other temples in the fort near the Annapoorna Mata temple, which are dedicated to Baan Mata, Charbhuja, and Lakshmi-Narayan. On the top of the Ramgarh hill, Rajasthan, Kisnai, and Annapurna Devi temples are situated in the natural cave. Another temple is in Irinjalakuda Kunjilikattil Annapoorneswari Temple. This is a family temple of local exhaust community were the rituals are done by Brahmin priests[11]
  • In Asan, Kathmandu Nepal, there is also a temple dedicated to goddess Annapurna in her Purna Kalash form.
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See also

Notes
  1. Williams, Monier. "Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary". faculty.washington.edu. annapūrṇa : pūrṇa mfn. filled with or possessed of food; (ā), f. N. of a goddess, a form of Durgā
  2. P. 2001, p. 13
  3. Nanu, Narendra (6 May 2011). "TOPSHOTS An Indian customer looks at a selection of white gold..." Getty Images. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  4. Osan, Gurinder (28 August 2002). "An Indian mystic, seeking his goddess, goes the hard way in the Himalayas". AP Worldstream. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  5. "Your Life: Currying Flavor; Zafron, Lisburn Road, Belfast food and drink". London, England: The Mirror. 5 January 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015. – via HighBeam (subscription required)
  6. P. 2001, p. 17
  7. P. 2001, p. 19
  8. P. 2001, p. 20
  9. P. 2001, p. 18
  10. "Temples in Varanasi". Varanasi District administration. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  11. "Places of interest in Baran". Government of Rajasthan. 2011. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.

References
  • P., Dr. Arundhati (2001). Annapurna - a bunch of flowers of Indian Culture. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7022-897-2.
  • Saraswati, Swami Satyananda. Annapurna Puja and Sahasranam. ISBN 18-87472-85-1.
  • Eck, Diana L. Banaras: City of Light. ISBN 81-87936-00-2.
  • Kalidasa. Raghuvansa Mahakavya 1.1 ( the starting Shloka).
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