Anna Botsford Comstock

Anna Botsford Comstock (September 1, 1854 – August 24, 1930) was an American artist, educator, conservationist, and a leader of the nature study movement.

Anna Botsford Comstock
Born(1854-09-01)1 September 1854
Otto, New York, U.S.
Died24 August 1930(1930-08-24) (aged 75)
Ithaca, New York, U.S.
NationalityAmerican

Early life and education

Anna Botsford was born in Otto, New York, to Marvin and Phebe Irish Botsford. Comstock grew up on her parents' farm, where she and her Quaker mother spent time together examining the wildflowers, birds, and trees.

Comstock attended the Chamberlain Institute and Female College, a Methodist school in Randolph, New York, after which she returned to Otto and taught for a year.

In 1874, Comstock entered Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she was a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She left Cornell after two years. In 1878, at the age of 24, she married John Henry Comstock, a young entomologist on the Cornell faculty who sparked her interest in insect illustration.[1]

Career
Anna Botsford Comstock, ca. 1900

Throughout her life, Comstock illustrated her husband's lectures and publications on insects. She had no formal training in this illustration; she would study an insect under a microscope then draw it. While her husband was chief entomologist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture from 1879 to 1881, she prepared the drawings for his 1880 Report of the Entomologist on citrus scale insects. She then reentered Cornell and received a degree in natural history in 1885. She studied wood engraving at Cooper Union, New York City, so she could prepare illustrations for her husband's book Introduction to Entomology in 1888.[2] Also in 1888, she was one of the first four women admitted to Sigma Xi, a national honor society for the sciences.[3]

Comstock made engravings for the more than 600 plates used in the Manual for the Study of Insects (1895), Insect Life (1897), and How to Know the Butterflies (1904),[4] the first written by her husband and the latter two co-authored by them. Her engravings appeared in the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, the Paris Exposition Universelle in 1900, and in the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1900.[2] She was a member of the Society of American Wood-Engravers, and has been recognized as its most prolific producer of original (as opposed to reproductive) images.[5]

Anna Botsford Comstock, plate III. Wood engraving. Insect life; an introduction to nature-study and a guide for teachers, students, and others interested in out-of-door life (1897), by John Henry Comstock.

Anna Botsford Comstock both wrote and illustrated several books, including Ways of the Six-Footed (1903),[6] How to Keep Bees (1905), The Handbook of Nature Study (1911), The Pet Book (1914),[7] and Trees at Leisure (1916).[8] She also wrote the novel Confessions to a Heathen Idol (1906).[9][10] The horticulturist Liberty Hyde Bailey and her husband both told her they expected The Handbook of Nature Study to lose money, but it became a standard textbook for teachers and was later translated into eight languages, with over twenty printings. It is still in print.[11]

Comstock is most famous for being one of the first to bring her students and other teachers out-of-doors to study nature. In 1895, she was appointed to the New York State Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture. In this position, she planned and implemented an experimental course of nature study for the public schools. The program was approved for statewide use through the extension service of Cornell. She then wrote and spoke on behalf of the program, helped train teachers, and prepared classroom materials. Starting in 1897, she taught nature study at Cornell. Comstock was the first female professor at Cornell. However, she was denied full professorship for twenty years until 1920. (In 1911, Martha Van Rensselaer and Flora Rose became the first women with full professorship at Cornell.)

Comstock edited Nature-Study Review from 1917 to 1923, and she was on the staff of Country Life in America.

Later life and legacy

In 1922, Comstock retired from Cornell as professor emerita but continued to teach in the summer session. In 1923, the League of Women Voters chose Anna Botsford Comstock and her Cornell colleague, Martha Van Rensselaer, as two of the twelve greatest living American women to have "'contributed most in their respective fields for the betterment of the world.'"[12]

Comstock died in Ithaca, New York in 1930.[3] In 1988, she was inducted into the National Wildlife Federation Conservation Hall of Fame.

Memoir

Comstock's memoir was posthumously published by heir and editor Glenn Herrick in 1953, titled The Comstocks of Cornell: John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock.[13][14][15] Herrick heavily edited the original manuscript, removing elements he considered irrelevant and removing suggestions of controversy; he also emphasized John Henry's accomplishments over Anna's.[13] In 2020, a new edition of Comstock's memoir was published, based more closely on the 716 surviving pages of Comstock's original manuscript in the Cornell University Archives.[13] The new edition, based on six years of research, attempts to convey "a better sense of what Anna was truly like" by presenting what survives of her actual writings, including accounts of her "marriage, travel, teaching, and scientific study".[13][16] The new edition of The Comstocks of Cornell: John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock; A Complete Biography was published in 2020 by Cornell University Press.[13][17]

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gollark: Yes. But you shouldn't.
gollark: You could probably have something to use the SSD as a cache for the HDD, but if the sizes are similar it's probably not worth it.
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gollark: RAIDing/etc. disks of different capacity/speed cannot possibly* go well.

References
  1. Golemba, Beverly E. (1992). Lesser-Known Women: A Biographical Dictionary. Boulder u.a.: Rienner. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-55587-301-1.
  2. Brandt, William H (2009). Interpretative wood-engraving: the history of the Society of American Wood-Engravers. New Castle (Delaware): Oak Knoll Press. p. 108. OCLC 932587607.
  3. Brandt, William (2009). Interpretive Wood-Engraving: The Story of the Society of American Wood-Engravers. New Castle, Delaware: Oak Knoll Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-58456-267-2.
  4. Comstock, John Henry and Anna Botsford (1904). How to Know the Butterflies. New York: D. Appleton and Co. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  5. Brandt, William H (2009). Interpretative wood-engraving: the history of the Society of American Wood-Engravers. New Castle (Delaware): Oak Knoll Press. p. 27. OCLC 932587607.
  6. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1903). Ways of the Six-Footed (First ed.). Boston: Ginn & Company. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  7. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1914). The Pet Book (Second ed.). Comstock Publishing Company. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  8. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1916). Trees at Leisure. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Co. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  9. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1909). Confessions to a Heathen Idol. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  10. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1911). Confessions to a Heathen Idol. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
  11. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1986). Handbook of Nature Study (First with a Foreword by Verne N. Rockcastle ed.). Ithaca, New York: Comstock Associates/ Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-9384-3. Retrieved July 30, 2016.
  12. Cornell University. Class of 1877. Record of the Class of 1877: June 1873 to June 1923. Ithaca, N.Y., 1923, p. 109.
  13. Saulnier, Beth (March 2020). "Her Own Words". Cornell Alumni Magazine: 56–63. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
  14. Comstock, Anna Botsford. "The Comstocks of Cornell John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock; An autobiography by Anna Botsford Comstock. Edited by Glenn W. Herrick and Ruby Green Smith". Cornell University Press. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
  15. Comstock, Anna Botsford (1953). "The Comstocks of Cornell: John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock; An Autobiography by Anna Botsford Comstock. Edited by Glenn W. Herrick and Ruby Green Smith". Cornell University Press. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctvn1tb4h. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. St. Clair, Karen Penders (2017). Finding Anna: The Archival Search for Anna Botsford Comstock. Ann Arbor, MI.
  17. Comstock, Anna Botsford. "The Comstocks of Cornell—The Definitive Autobiography (2020); Edited by Karen, Penders St. Clair". Cornell University Press. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
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