Ann MacKinnon

Ann MacKinnon
Ann MacKinnon
Born	4 March 1879; Roag, Isle of Skye, Scotland
Died	6 February 1953 (aged 73)
Body discovered	Hyden, Kentucky
Nationality	Scottish
Other names	Mac, Ann of Appalachia; Annie P. MacKinnon
Education	School of Nursing, Ayr County Hospital; Queen’s District Nursing and Midwifery, Edinburgh
Occupation	nurse, midwife, hospital superintendent
Awards	Croix de Guerre

Ann MacKinnon, also Annie P. MacKinnon, (1879-1953) was a decorated Scottish nurse and midwife. During the World War I she joined the French Flag Nursing Corps and served in France and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for bravery. After the war she remained in France before moving to the United States to work for the Frontier Nursing Service in Kentucky.

Early life and education

MacKinnon was born on the 4 March 1879 in Roag, Isle of Skye[1] to Georgina Urquhart and John MacKinnon. She was educated at Dunvegan Primary School on Skye before moving to the central Scotland to train as a nurse. She spent four years at the School of Nursing in Ayr County Hospital then went on to gain the Queen's District Nursing and Midwifery qualification in Edinburgh.[2] MacKinnon worked as a probationer nurse in Braehead Cottage Hospital, Dumbarton from 1901.[1]

Career

Army career in France

In 1914, MacKinnon joined the French Flag Nursing Corps and soon after travelled to France as the World War I intensified. She and the other 'British Nurses in France' were on the Front Line. In 1918 MacKinnon was awarded the Croix de Guerre for bravery during the Third Battle of the Aisne.[2] This was recorded by The Times newspaper and The British Journal of Nursing:

"Following is the citation of the French army conferring the Croix de Guerre on Miss Annie Mackinnon, a British nurse attached to the French Flag Nursing corps. A nurse who under the difficult circumstances of the withdrawal of the ambulance under enemy fire continued to attend the sick and wounded up to the last minute with remarkable courage and thus demonstrating the three years that she has devoted herself to the French soldiers."[1]

Following the war MacKinnon remained in France working in Marseille and Paris for the Rockefeller Foundation which was part of the relief effort sending food supplies to the European continent. Her main role was to educate a group of French girls about nursing, including tuberculosis and infant welfare.[2]

Career in America

MacKinnon travelled to the United States on the SS Mormacswan, arriving in New York in 1928. She worked in Beech Fork Nursing Centre and the Hyden Hospital, Kentucky. Mary Breckinridge appointed MacKinnon superintendent of Hayden Hospital in 1929.[3] MacKinnon held this post until 1940, when she travelled to Europe during World War, returning to the United States and the role in 1948.[3] Hayden Hospital was part of the newly created the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) which included midwives in their team of public health services and covered a population of close to 10,000 people. The Frontier Nursing Service established six outposts in the Appalachian Mountains in eastern North America[1] and was established by Mary Breckinridge after she travelled to the Highlands and Islands of Scotland to see how healthcare is provided in rural locations. Her goal was to replicate the Highlands and Islands Medical and Nursing Service model in the Appalachian area of the United States.[2] MacKinnon became known as Ann of Appalachia and rode a mule called Tenacity to work.[4]

In 1930, along with Breckinridge, MacKinnon was a founding member of The Kentucky State Association of Midwives. This was the first association of midwives in the United States.[2]

Death

MacKinnon died of a heart attack on 6 February 1953 in Hyden, Kentucky. She is buried at Wendover, Kentucky.[1]

Honours

She was awarded the Croix de Guerre for bravery during World War I.

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References

Norman, Macdonald (2014). The great book of Skye : from the island to the world : people and place on a Scottish island. Maclean, Cailean. Portree. ISBN 978-0952868798. OCLC 897503159.
Macdonald, Norman (2013). "From Cart to Air Ambulance: Papers from a Conference Celebrating 100 Years of Healthcare in Skye and Lochalsh" (PDF). Skye and Lochalsh Archive Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
1881-1965., Breckinridge, Mary (1981). Wide neighborhoods : a story of the Frontier Nursing Service. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813114535. OCLC 7631462.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"The gutsy "Hebridean Heroines" who inspired the NHS". Retrieved 2018-10-20.

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[:0-1] Norman, Macdonald (2014). The great book of Skye : from the island to the world : people and place on a Scottish island. Maclean, Cailean. Portree. ISBN 978-0952868798. OCLC 897503159.

[:1-2] Macdonald, Norman (2013). "From Cart to Air Ambulance: Papers from a Conference Celebrating 100 Years of Healthcare in Skye and Lochalsh" (PDF). Skye and Lochalsh Archive Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.

[breck-3] 1881-1965., Breckinridge, Mary (1981). Wide neighborhoods : a story of the Frontier Nursing Service. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0813114535. OCLC 7631462.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[4] "The gutsy "Hebridean Heroines" who inspired the NHS". Retrieved 2018-10-20.