Amba Alagi

Imba Alaje is a mountain, or an amba, in northern Ethiopia. Located in the Debubawi Zone of the Tigray Region, Imba Alaje dominates the roadway that runs past it from the city of Mek'ele south to Maychew. Because of its strategic location, Emba Alaje has been the location of several battles. As Anthony Mockler describes it,

It was [a] real amba, flat-topped, covered with crevices and canyons and caves, impregnable on the north and north-east where the Tug Gabat ran round its flanks through precipitous ravines, falling steeply away in the rear to the spur of Antalo, behind which lay the broad plain of Mahera.[1]
Imba Alaje
Imba Alaje, near Atsela. Photograph taken by 10th Company, RE
Highest point
Elevation3,438 m (11,280 ft)
Coordinates12°59′39″N 39°30′13″E 
Naming
Native nameእምባ ኣላጀ  (Tigrinya)
Geography
Imba Alaje
Location in Ethiopia
LocationDebubawi (Southern) Zone, Tigray Region, Ethiopia

The village of Adi Gura is located on the north side of the mountain at an elevation of 2700 meter. The larger town of Ambalage is located five kilometer to the south of the mountain.

Geology

The mountain is largely composed of Alaji Basalts, the youngest succession of the Ethiopian flood basalts. The most recent flows are only 15 million years old. The geological formation was called after Imba Alaje by geologist William Thomas Blanford, who accompanied the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868.[2] In roadcuts, there are conspicuous outcrops of whitish interbedded lacustrine sedimentary deposits.[3]

Hydrology

There are many springs on the slopes of the mountain. On the northern flank at Addi Gura'i, the Mercy water bottling plant is located.

Alagi Pass

Just three kilometers to the southeast of the top of Amba Alagi is the Alagi Pass. Here, the Ethiopian Highway 2 crosses the mountain ridge at an elevation of 3090 meter above sealevel. To the south, the road starts climbing from Ambalage at 2450 meters.

History

The first mention of Imba Alaje is in the Chronicle of Emperor Baeda Maryam (1468–1478 AD), who personally led an expedition against the Dobe'a, who lived around Imba Alaje and raided the caravan routes. In the early 19th century, Ras Wolde Selassie controlled the amba, and used it on 18 August 1811 to imprison Gebre Guro, the brother of Sabagadis, for 18 months because he had rebelled against the Ras.[4] The road built from the coast south to Magdala during the British 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia passed through Imba Alaje.[5] A generation later, the mountain was the scene of a battle in February 1889 between Ras Alula Engida and Ras Seyoum Gebre in which Alula was wounded.[6]

First Battle of Imba Alaje
Main article: Battle of Amba Alagi (1895)

The first Battle of Imba Alaje occurred in December 1895. On December 7, 30,000 Ethiopians destroyed an Italian column of 2,350 led by Pietro Toselli and a day later, on December 8, the Ethiopian emperor, Menelik II, drove out the Italian forces of General Oreste Baratieri. After the defeat, the Italians withdrew from Imba Alaje and Gondar to their half-finished fort at Mek'ele, which Menelik then besieged for 15 days (6–21 January 1896).[7]

Second Battle of Imba Alaje
Main article: Battle of Amba Alagi (1941)

The second Battle of Imba Alaje was fought in May 1941, during World War II, part of the East African Campaign. The mountain had galleries carved into the rock to protect the defending troops and hold ample ammunition and stores. The defenders, Italian troops under command of the Viceroy, the Duke of Aosta, thought themselves to be impregnable. The initial attacks on the approaches to Amba Alagi by British troops under Major-General Mayne from the north, commenced on May 4 with a pincer from the eastern and western sides. There was hard fighting in the jagged mountainous terrain. Mayne's troops were joined on May 12 by Brigadier Dan Pienaar's 1st South African Brigade, which had captured the Italian garrison of Dessie (April 20) located 200 miles south of Imba Alaje, and by May 14 Imba Alaje was completely surrounded. A final assault was planned for the next day but a lucky strike by an artillery shell hit an Italian fuel dump, sending a stream of oil into their last remaining drinking water and forcing the garrison's surrender.[8]

The film La Pattuglia dell'Amba Alagi, shot in 1953 by Flavio Calzavara, glorifies the Italian defense against the British.

Third Battle of Amba Alagi

In 1943, Imba Alaje was the location of the decisive battle of the "Woyane Rebellion" in Enderta Province. After capturing Mek'ele, the Woyane rebels swept south to the mountain where they encountered a government force consisting of 2,000 regular soldiers and 8,000 territorials. From 18 September through 6 October 1943, rebels under the personal leadership of Blatta Haile Mariam Redda repeatedly stormed the government positions, until artillery barrages and British Blenheim bombers at last dispersed the rebels.[9]

Notes
  1. Mockler, Anthony (2003). Haile Selassie's War. Signal Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-902669-53-3.
  2. Blanford, W.T. (1870). Observations on the geology and zoology of Abyssinia, made during the progress of the British expedition to that country in 1867-68. London: Macmillan and Co.
  3. Merla, G.; Minucci, E. (1938). Missione geologica nel Tigrai [Geological mission to Tigra]. La serie dei terreni, Vol. 1 (in Italian). Rome: Regia Accademia d’Italia, Centro Studi per l’Africa Orientale Italiana.
  4. Pearce, Nathaniel (1831). J.J. Halls (ed.). The Life and Adventures of Nathaniel Pearce. Vol. 1. Colburn and Bentley. p. 88.
  5. Markham, C. R. (1868). "Geographical Results of the Abyssinian Expedition". Journal of the Royal Geographical Society. 38: 37. JSTOR 1798567.
  6. "Local History in Ethiopia" (PDF). The Nordic Africa Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-29. Retrieved 3 January 2008.
  7. Prouty, Chris (1986). Empress Taytu and Menilek II: Ethiopia, 1883-1910. Trenton: Red Sea Press. pp. 140–143. ISBN 978-0-932415-10-3.
  8. Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence. I. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 67–70. OCLC 59637091.
  9. Tareke, Gebru (1996). Ethiopia: Power & Protest : Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century. Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press. pp. 109–113. ISBN 978-1-56902-019-7.
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