Amauroderma

Amauroderma is a genus of polypore fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus, widespread in tropical areas, contains about 70 species. Amauroderma fungi are wood-decay fungi that feed and fruit on decayed branches and trunks.

Amauroderma
Amauroderma rude
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Ganodermataceae
Genus: Amauroderma
Murrill (1905)[1]
Type species
Amauroderma regulicolor
(Berk. ex Cooke) Murrill (1905)
Species

about 70 species

Synonyms[2]
  • Amauroderma (Pat.) Torrend (1920)[3]
  • Ganoderma sect. Amauroderma Pat. (1889)
  • Lazulinospora Burds. & M.J.Larsen (1974)
  • Magoderna Steyaert (1972)[4]
  • Whitfordia Murrill (1908)

The fruit bodies of Amauroderma fungi comprise a cap and a stipe, and are typically woody, leathery, or corky in texture. The spores produced are usually spherical or nearly so, with a characteristic double wall structure that features U-shaped thickenings.

Taxonomy

Amauroderma was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1905. He set Amauroderma regulicolor (previously known as Fomes regulicolor Berk. ex Cooke), collected from Cuba, as the type species.[1] The name Amauroderma had been used previously by Narcisse Patouillard, when he proposed that Ganoderma be divided into the sections Ganoderma and Amauroderma. Patouillard described the characteristics of section Amauroderma as follows: "Spores globose or subglobose, devoid of truncated base, warty, woodruff or smooth; crust hat or dull stipe pruinose, rarely shining."[5] In 1920, Torrend promoted Ganoderma sect. Amauroderma to generic status, with Amauroderma auriscalpium as the type.[3] This resulted in an illegitimate homonym, as Murrill's earlier usage of the name has priority.

The generic name means "dark/dusky-skinned" (from amauro, meaning "dark or dusky", and derma, meaning "skin").[6]

Several studies using molecular phylogenetics have shown that Amauroderma, as currently circumscribed, is not a monophyletic taxon and will need to be revised.[7][8][9]

Description

The fruit bodies of Amauroderma species are stipitate except in A. andina and may attain various shapes although centrally stipitate basidiocarps are most common. Several stipes may arise from the same base, frequently resulting in fused caps and compound fruit bodies. In section some fruit bodies are distinct with one or two distinct inner black bands or zones. The stipe is often duplex with an outer dense layer surrounding an inner softer or hollow core sometimes separated by a black band. In species with a distinct tomentum on the stipe, there is often a dark zone just below the tomentum of the cap. These zones are absent from some species with a pale stipe without a tomentum. However, when present they continue into the context and frequently there is also another zone stretching more or less horizontally across the context.[10]

Most basidiospores of Amauroderma mushrooms have an inner ornamented wall on which there is a hyaline (translucent) epicutis, which is very thin and difficult to see in ordinary microscopic preparations. Mature basidiospores are pale-yellowish. An apiculus (a depressed area where the spore was once attached to the basidium via the sterigma) is often difficult to observe.[10]

Chemistry

Amauroderma camerarium produces the anti-Trichomonas vaginalis protein that has been named amaurocine.[11]

Habitat and distribution

Amauroderma is widespread in tropical areas.[12] Twenty species have been recorded from Brazil;[13] six have been confirmed in China.[9] A collection of Amauroderma sprucei made in Florida in 2016 was the first recorded time that the genus has been collected in the United States.[14]

Amauroderma schomburgkii, A. coltricioides, and A. calcigenum are examples of the genus that have been found fruiting on soil.[15] Amauroderma schomburgkii is the most common neotropical species.[16]

Species
Unidentified Amauroderma found in Colombia

The tenth edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) indicated that were about 30 species in the genus.[12] As of August 2017, Index Fungorum accepts 68 species of Amauroderma.[17]

  • Amauroderma africana Ryvarden (2004)[10]
  • Amauroderma albostipitatum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015)[7] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma amoiense J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu (1983)
  • Amauroderma andina Ryvarden (2004)[10]
  • Amauroderma argenteofulvum (Van der Byl) Doidge (1950) – Africa[18]
  • Amauroderma auriscalpium (Berk.) Torrend (1920)[3]
  • Amauroderma austrosinense J.D.Zhao & L.W.Hsu (1984)
  • Amauroderma aurantiacum (Torrend) Gibertoni & Bernicchia (2008)[19] – Brazil; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma bataanense Murrill (1908)[20] – Philippines
  • Amauroderma boleticeum (Pat. & Gaillard) Torrend (1920)[3] – South America
  • Amauroderma brasiliense (Singer) Ryvarden (2004)[10] – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma buloloi Aoshima (1971)
  • Amauroderma calcigenum (Berk.) Torrend (1920)[3] – South America
  • Amauroderma calcitum D.H.Costa Rezende & E.R.Drechsler-Santos (2016) – Brazil[8]
  • Amauroderma camerarium (Berk.) J.S.Furtado (1968)[21] – Brazil, Belize, Colombia, Cuba, Honduras, Peru, Venezuela
  • Amauroderma coltricioides T.W.Henkel, Aime & Ryvarden (2003) – Guyana[22]
  • Amauroderma concentricum J.Song, Xiao L.He & B.K.Cui – China[9]
  • Amauroderma congregatum Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma conicum (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1990)[24]
  • Amauroderma conjunctum (Lloyd) Torrend (1920)[3] – Africa
  • Amauroderma dayaoshanense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987) – China[25]
  • Amauroderma deviatum Ryvarden (2004)[10]
  • Amauroderma ealaense (Beeli) Ryvarden (1972) – Africa[26]
  • Amauroderma elegantissimum Ryvarden & Iturr. (2004)[10] – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma exile (Berk.) Torrend (1920)[3] – South America
  • Amauroderma faculum Henao-M. (1997) – Colombia[27]
  • Amauroderma flabellatum Aime & Ryvarden (2007) – Guyana[28]
  • Amauroderma floriformum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015)[7] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma fujianense J.D.Zhao, L.W.Hsu & X.Q.Zhang (1979)[29]
  • Amauroderma fuscatum (Lloyd) Otieno (1969)[30]
  • Amauroderma fuscoporia Wakef. (1948) – Africa[31]
  • Amauroderma grandisporum Gulaid & Ryvarden (1998)[32]
  • Amauroderma guangxiense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1986)
  • Amauroderma hongkongense L.Fan & B.Liu (1990) – China[33]
  • Amauroderma infundibuliforme Wakef. (1917)[34] – Uganda
  • Amauroderma insulare (Har. & Pat.) Torrend (1920)[3] – New Caledonia
  • Amauroderma intermedium (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920) – Brazil; Colombia; Guadalupe; Martinique; Paraguay; Puerto Rico
  • Amauroderma jiangxiense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)
  • Amauroderma kwiluense (Beeli) Ryvarden (1974)[35]
  • Amauroderma laccatostiptatum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015)[7] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma leptopus (Pers.) J.S.Furtado (1967) – Indonesia
  • Amauroderma leucosporum Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma longgangense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1986)
  • Amauroderma macrosporum J.S.Furtado (1968)[21] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma malesianum Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma nigrum Rick (1960)[36]
  • Amauroderma nutans (Fr.) Murrill (1908)[20]
  • Amauroderma oblongisporum J.S.Furtado (1968)[21] – Africa
  • Amauroderma omphalodes (Berk.) Torrend (1920)[3] – Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela; Colombia
  • Amauroderma ovisporum A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015)[7] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma parasiticum Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma partitum (Berk.) Wakef. (1934) – Brazil; Colombia; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma perplexum Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma picipes Torrend (1920)[3] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma praetervisum (Pat.) Torrend (1920)[3] – Central America; South America; Cuba; Mexico
  • Amauroderma preussii (Henn.) Steyaert (1972)[4]
  • Amauroderma pudens (Berk.) Ryvarden (1977)[37]
  • Amauroderma renidens (Bres.) Torrend (1920)[3] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma rude (Berk.) Torrend (1920)[3]
  • Amauroderma rugosum (Blume & T.Nees) Torrend (1920)[3]
  • Amauroderma salisburiense (Van der Byl) D.A.Reid (1973)[38]
  • Amauroderma schomburgkii (Mont. & Berk.) Torrend (1920)[3] – Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Guiana Francesa; Guiana; Venezuela; Jamaica; Nicarágua; Panamá; Trinidad
  • Amauroderma scopulosum (Berk.) Imazeki (1952)[39]
  • Amauroderma secedens Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma sericatum (Lloyd) Wakef. (1917)[34]
  • Amauroderma sessile A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015)[7] – Brazil
  • Amauroderma solomonense Corner (1983)[23]
  • Amauroderma sprucei (Pat.) Torrend (1920)[3] – Brazil; Costa Rica; Colombia; Cuba; Puerto Rico; Jamaica; Belize; French Guiana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma subrugosum (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend (1920)[3]
  • Amauroderma subsessile A.C.Gomes-Silva, Ryvarden & T.B.Gibertoni (2015)[7] – Brazil; Costa Rica; Panama
  • Amauroderma tapetellum Henao-M. (1997) – Colombia[27]
  • Amauroderma trichodematum J.S.Furtado (1968)[21] – Bolivia; Brazil; Guyana; Venezuela
  • Amauroderma trulliforme (Lloyd) Torrend (1920)[3]
  • Amauroderma unilaterum (Lloyd) Ryvarden (1990)[24]
  • Amauroderma variabile (Berk.) Lloyd ex Wakef. (1934)[40]
  • Amauroderma wuzhishanense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)[25]
  • Amauroderma yunnanense J.D.Zhao & X.Q.Zhang (1987)

Further reading
  • Costa-Rezende, D.H.; Robledo, G.L.; Góes-Neto, A.; Reck, M.A.; Crespo, E.; Drechsler-Santos, E.R. (2017). "Morphological reassessment and molecular phylogenetic analyses of Amauroderma s.lat. raised new perspectives in the generic classification of the Ganodermataceae family". Persoonia. 39: 254–269. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.10. PMC 5832954. PMID 29503477.
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References
  1. Murrill, William A. (1905). "The Polyporaceae of North America: XI. A synopsis of the brown pileate species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 32 (7): 353–371. doi:10.2307/2478499. JSTOR 2478499.
  2. "Synonymy: Amauroderma Murrill". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  3. Torrend, C. (1920). "Les Polyporacées du Brésil. I. Polyporacées stipités". Brotéria Série Botânica (in French). 18: 121–143.
  4. Steyaert, R.L. (1972). "Species of Ganoderma and related genera mainly of the Bogor and Leiden Herbaria". Persoonia. 7 (1): 55–118.
  5. Patouillard, N. (1889). "Le genre Ganoderma". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 5: 64–80. Spores globuleuses ou subglobuleuses, dépourvues de base tronquée, verruqueuses, aspérulées ou lisses; croûte du chapeau ou du stipe terne, pruineuse, rarement luisante.
  6. Sapphire McMullan-Fisher; Patrick Leonard; Frances Guard (2014). "Polypores". Australian Subtropical Fungi. Suncoast Fungi. p. 92. ISBN 9780646915524.
  7. Gomes-Silva, Allyne Christina; Lima-Júnior, Nelson; Malosso, Elaine; Ryvarden, Leif; Gibertoni, Tatiana (2015). "Delimitation of taxa in Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Polyporales) based in morphology and molecular phylogeny of Brazilian specimens". Phytotaxa. 227 (3): 201. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.227.3.1.
  8. Diogo Henrique Costa-Rezende; Adriana Mello Gugliotta; Aristóteles Góes-Neto; Mateus Arduvino Reck; Gerardo Lucio Robledo; Elisandro Ricardo Drechsler-Santos (2016). "Amauroderma calcitum sp. nov. and notes on taxonomy and distribution of Amauroderma species (Ganodermataceae)". Phytotaxa. 244 (4). doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.244.2.1.
  9. Song, Jie; Xing, Jia-Hui; Decock Cony; He, Xiao-Lan; Cui, Bao-Kai (2016). "Molecular phylogeny and morphology reveal a new species of Amauroderma (Basidiomycota) from China". Phytotaxa. 260 (1): 47–56. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.260.1.5.
  10. Ryvarden, Leif (2004). Neotropical Polypores. Part 1. Introduction, Hymenochaetaceae and Ganodermataceae. Synopsis Fungorum. 19.
  11. Duarte, M.; Seixas, A.; Peres de Carvalho, M.; Tasca, T.; Macedo, A.J. (2016). "Amaurocine: anti-Trichomonas vaginalis protein produced by the basidiomycete Amauroderma camerarium". Experimental Parasitology. 161: 6–11. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.012. PMID 26706604.
  12. Kirk PM; Cannon PF; Minter DW; Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  13. Campacci, Thiago Vinicius Silva; Gugliotta, Adriana de Mello (2009). "A review of Amauroderma in Brazil, with the new record of A. oblongisporum in the neotropics". 110: 423–436. doi:10.5248/110.423. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. Dollinger, Neil R.; Vlasák, Josef (2016). "The first report of Amauroderma in Florida" (PDF). Fungi. 9 (4): 40–42.
  15. Campos-Santana, Marisa; Loguercio-Leite, Clarice (2013). "Species of Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae) in Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil". Biotemas. 26 (1): 1–5. doi:10.5007/2175-7925.2013v26n1p1.
  16. Furtado, João Salvado (1981). Taxonomy of Amauroderma (Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae). Memoirs New York Botanical Garden. 34. New York. ISBN 978-0893272340.
  17. Kirk PM. "Species Fungorum (version 28th July 2016). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life". Retrieved 2017-08-23.
  18. Doidge, E.M. (1950). The South African fungi and lichens to the end of 1945. Bothalia. 5. p. 503.
  19. Gibertoni, T.B.; Bernicchia, A.; Ryvarden, L.; Gomes-Silva, A.C. (2008). "Bresadola's polypore collection at the Natural History Museum of Trento, Italy. 2". Mycotaxon. 104: 321–323.
  20. Murrill, William A. (1908). "Additional Philippine Polyporaceae". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 35 (8): 391–416. doi:10.2307/2479285. JSTOR 2479285.
  21. Furtado, João Salvado (1968). Revisâo do gênero Amauroderma (Polyporaceae); Estudos baseados nas microestruturas do basidiocarpo. Universidade de São Paulo.
  22. Aime, M.C.; Henkel, T.W.; Ryvarden, L. (2003). "Studies in neotropical polypores 15: new and interesting species from Guyana". Mycologia. 95 (4): 614–619. doi:10.2307/3761937. JSTOR 3761937. PMID 21148970.
  23. Corner, E.J.H. (1983). Ad Polyporaceas I. Amauroderma and Ganoderma. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 75. ISBN 978-8121107204.
  24. Ryvarden, Leif (1990). "Type studies in the Polyporaceae. 22. Species described by C.G. Lloyd in Polyporus". Mycotaxon. 38: 83–102.
  25. Zhao, J.D.; Zhang, X.Q. (1987). "Studies on the taxonomy of Ganodermataceae in China VI". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 6 (1): 1–7.
  26. Ryvarden, L. (1972). "A critical checklist of the Polyporaceae in tropical East Africa". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 19: 229–238.
  27. Henao-M., L.G. (1997). "Afiloforales de Colombia III: Amauroderma (Basidiomycetes: Ganodermataceae) en el Herbario Nacional Colombiano". Caldasia (in Spanish). 19 (1–2): 131–143.
  28. Aime, L.; Ryvarden, L.; Henkel, T.W. (2007). "Studies in Neotropical polypores 22. Additional new and rare species from Guyana". Synopsis Fungorum. 23: 15–31.
  29. Zhao, Ji-ding; Xu, Lian-wang; Zhang, Xiao-qing (1979). "中国灵芝亚科的分类研究". Acta Microbiologica Sinica (in Chinese) (3): 265–279, 345–346.
  30. Otieno, N.C. (1968). "Polyporaceae of eastern Africa: II. The genus Amauroderma Murrill". Sydowia. 22 (1–4): 173–178.
  31. Wakefield, E.M.; Talbot, P.H.B. (1948). "Descriptions of some new Hymenomycetes". Bothalia. 4 (4): 939–949.
  32. Gulaid, H.; Ryvarden, L. (1998). "Two new species of Amauroderma (Ganodermataceae, Basidiomycetes)". Mycologia Helvetica. 10 (1): 25–30.
  33. Fan, L.; Liu, B. (1990). "A new species of the genus Amauroderma". Acta Mycologica Sinica. 9 (3): 202–205.
  34. Wakefield, E.M. (1917). "Fungi exotici. XXIII". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. 1917 (9/10): 308–314. doi:10.2307/4113577. JSTOR 4113577.
  35. Ryvarden, L. (1974). "Type-studies in the Polyporaceae 2. Species described by M. Beeli". Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique. 44 (1/2): 65–76. doi:10.2307/3667428. JSTOR 3667428.
  36. Rick, J. (1960). "Basidiomycetes Eubasidii in Rio Grande do Sul Brasilia. 4. Meruliaceae, Polyporaceae, Boletaceae". Iheringia (in Spanish). 7: 193–295.
  37. Ryvarden, L. (1977). "Type-studies in the Polyporaceae 10. Species described by J.M. Berkeley, either alone or with other authors from 1844 to 1855". Norwegian Journal of Botany. 24: 213–230.
  38. Reid, D.A. (1973). "A reappraisal of type and authentic specimens of Basidiomycetes in the van der Byl herbarium, Stellenbosch". South African Journal of Botany. 39 (2): 141–178.
  39. Imazeki, R. (1952). "A contribution to the fungous flora of Dutch New Guinea" (PDF). Bulletin of the Government Forest Experimental Station Meguro. 57: 87–128.
  40. Wakefield, E.M. (1934). "Contributions to the flora of tropical America. XXI". Bulletin of Miscellaneous Informations of the Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. 1934 (6): 238–258. doi:10.2307/4115405. JSTOR 4115405.

Cited literature
  • Furtado, João Salvado (1981). Taxonomy of Amauroderma (Basidiomycetes, Polyporaceae). Memoirs New York Botanical Garden. 34. New York. ISBN 978-0893272340.
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