Amagasaki derailment

The Amagasaki derailment (JR福知山線脱線事故, JR Fukuchiyama-sen dassen jiko, lit. "JR Fukuchiyama Line derailment") was a fatal railway derailment which occurred on 25 April 2005 at 09:19 local time (00:19 UTC), just after the local rush hour. A seven-car commuter train came off the tracks on the JR West Fukuchiyama Line in Amagasaki, Hyogo prefecture (near Osaka), just before Amagasaki Station on its way for Dōshisha-mae via the JR Tōzai Line and the Gakkentoshi Line, and the front two carriages rammed into an apartment building. The first carriage slid into the first floor parking garage and as a result took days to remove, while the second slammed into the corner of the building, being crushed against it by the weight of the remaining carriages. Of the roughly 700 passengers (initial estimate was 580 passengers) on board at the time of the crash, 106 passengers, in addition to the driver, were killed and 562 others injured. Most passengers and bystanders have said that the train appeared to have been travelling too fast. The incident was Japan's most serious since the 1963 Tsurumi rail accident in which two passenger trains collided with a derailed freight train, killing 162 people.

Amagasaki derailment
Aftermath of the Amagasaki derailment
Details
Date25 April 2005
09:19 (JST)
LocationAmagasaki, Hyogo Prefecture
Coordinates34°44′29.3″N 135°25′35.7″E
CountryJapan
LineFukuchiyama Line
OperatorWest Japan Railway Company
Incident typeDerailment
CauseOverspeed on curve arising from harsh penalties for lateness; retraining system
Statistics
Trains1
PassengersApproximately 700
Deaths107
Injured562

Train details and crash
A 207 series EMU train similar to the one involved in the Amagasaki rail crash

The train involved was train number 5418M, a limited-stop "Rapid" commuter service from Takarazuka to Dōshisha-mae. It was a seven-car 207 series electric multiple unit (EMU) formation consisting of a 4-car set and a 3-car set coupled together as shown below, with car 1 leading.[1] The train was carrying approximately 700 passengers at the time of the accident.[1]

Car No.1234567
Numbering KuHa 207-17MoHa 207-31MoHa 206-17KuHa 206-129KuMoHa 207-1033SaHa 207-1019KuHa 206-1033

The front four cars derailed completely, with the first car ramming into the parking lot of the apartment building and the second car colliding into the external wall of the building becoming almost completely compacted by the third and fourth cars, which were themselves pushed from the rear by the fifth car.[1]

Investigation
The investigation report of the accident.

Investigators have primarily focused on the speeding by the 23-year-old driver, later identified as Ryūjirō Takami (who was among the dead), as being the most likely cause of the derailment. 25 minutes before the derailment, Takami had run a red signal, causing the automatic train stop (ATS) to bring the train to a halt.[2] The train had also overshot the correct stopping position at an earlier stop at Itami Station, requiring him to back up the train, and resulting in a 90-second delay,[1] about 4 minutes before the disaster.[2] By the time the train passed Tsukaguchi Station at a speed of 120 km/h, the delay had been reduced to 60 seconds.[1]

Investigators speculate that the driver may have been trying to make up this lost time by increasing the train's speed beyond customary limits. Many reports from surviving passengers indicate that the train was traveling at a faster than normal speed. Furthermore, it is speculated that the driver may have felt stressed because he would have been punished for the two infractions. Ten months before the crash, the driver had been reprimanded for overshooting a station platform by 100 meters. In the minutes leading up to the derailment, he may have been thinking of the punishment he would have faced, and may have not been totally focused on driving.[2]

The West Japan Railway Company is very strict when it comes to punctuality,[3] and commuters often depend on near-perfect timing on the part of trains to commute to and from work on time. This is because at stations (including the derailed train's next scheduled stop at Amagasaki Station) trains meet on both sides of the same platform to allow people to transfer between rapid and local trains running on the same line. As a result, a small delay in one train can significantly cascade through the timetable for the rest of the day due to the tightness of the schedule. Immediately after the crash occurred, some of the mass media pointed to the congested schedule of the Fukuchiyama Line as an indirect factor. In fact, cumulative changes over the previous three years had reduced the leeway in the train's schedule from 71 to 28 seconds over the 15 minutes between Takarazuka and Amagasaki stations.

Drivers face financial penalties for lateness as well as being forced into harsh and humiliating retraining programs known as nikkin kyōiku (日勤教育, "dayshift education"), which include weeding and grass-cutting duties during the day.[4][5] The final report officially concluded that the retraining system was one probable cause of the crash.[6] This program consisted of severe verbal abuse, forcing the employees to repent by writing extensive reports. Also, during these times, drivers were forced to perform minor tasks, particularly involving cleaning, instead of their normal jobs. Many experts saw the process of nikkin kyoiku as a punishment and psychological torture, and not as driver retraining.[2] The driver had also received a non-essential phone call from the general control station at the time he was rounding the bend.[7]

The speed limit on the segment of track where the derailment happened was 70 km/h (43 mph). The data recorder in the rear of the train (the rear cars were new and equipped with many extra devices) later showed that the train was moving at 116 km/h (72 mph) at that point. Investigators ran a series of simulations and calculated that the train would derail on that curve if going any speed over 106 km/h (66 mph). It has been speculated that the driver was so stressed about the inevitability of going back to nikkin kyoiku due to the prior infractions from that morning that he did not notice that the train was going too fast. When the driver did notice it, four seconds before the derailment, he used the service brake, instead of the emergency brake, presumably to avoid another infraction, since the use of the emergency brake had to be justified.[2]

Japanese building codes do not regulate the distance between train lines and residential buildings due to high confidence in the engineering of the rail system. Railway lines often pass close to residential buildings in metropolitan areas.

Aftermath

Amongst other things, the Ministry of Land and Transportation asked all railway companies to update their automatic stopping systems so that trains brake automatically to slow down as they approach sharp curves.

It is believed that a contributing factor in the accident was the JR West policy of schedule punctuality. As a result of this, Masataka Ide, JR West adviser who played a major role in enforcing the punctuality of the company's trains, announced that he would resign in June 2005 at the company's annual shareholder meeting, with the company's chairman and president resigning in August.

The section where the crash occurred, between Amagasaki and Takarazuka stations, was re-opened for service on 19 June 2005. The speed limits were reduced from 120 to 95 km/h (75 to 59 mph) for the straight section and from 70 to 60 km/h (43 to 37 mph) for the curved rail section around the accident site.

According to the investigations carried out by the Hyōgo Prefecture police, out of the 107 deaths, at least 43 (27 men, 16 women), including the driver, were in the first car, at least 45 (22 men, 23 women) were in the second car, and at least one was in the third car. This information was determined by questioning 519 of the approximately 550 injured passengers.

On 26 December 2005, Takeshi Kakiuchi officially resigned from the presidency of JR West in a move intended to take responsibility for the accident. Kakiuchi's successor was Masao Yamazaki, who had previously served as the railway's vice president, based in Osaka. While Kakiuchi's resignation came a day after another serious accident on JR East, officials at the railway did not make any explicit connection between the recent accident and the resignation.

A 2008 The Daily Yomiuri article stated that survivors of the disaster still faced physical and mental health issues.[8]

On 8 July 2009, West Japan Railway Co. President Masao Yamazaki was charged with negligence. On the same day, he announced at a press briefing in Osaka that he would resign, "so the company can operate normally."[9][10]

On 11 January 2012, Yamazaki was found not guilty of professional negligence by judge Makoto Okada of the Kobe District Court, saying the accident was not sufficiently predictable to merit a finding of guilt. The court, however, criticized JR West for faulty risk assessment of the curve where the accident happened.[11]

The building hit by the train was demolished in 2017. As of April 2019, a memorial had been built on the site, with only one corner of the building left standing.

Similar accidents

Too fast around sharp curve

Failure to check speed after stop and proceed
  • Australia Glenbrook train disaster, 1999: 7 killed
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See also
  • List of rail disasters

Media

References
  1. Nagase, Kazuhiko (July 2005). "福知山線脱線事故の問題を語る" [Discussing the problems of the Fukuchiyama Line derailment]. Railway Journal. Japan: Tetsudō Journal. 39 (465): 68–73.
  2. Seconds From Disaster – Runaway Train – season 6, episode 7
  3. Nagata, Takashi; Rosborough, Stephanie N.; VanRooyen, Michael J.; Kozawa, Shuichi; Ukai, Takashi; Nakayama, Shinichi (September–October 2006). "Express Railway Disaster in Amagasaki: A Review of Urban Disaster Response Capacity in Japan". Prehosp Disaster Med. 21 (5): 345. doi:10.1017/S1049023X0000399X.
  4. "Drivers win toilet battle with Japan train firm | Facilitate | Workplace & Facilitate Magazine". Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  5. "1,182 'retraining sessions' at JR West". The Japan Times Online. 23 July 2005. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  6. "JR, train driver faulted in final report on crash". The Japan Times Online. 29 June 2007. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  7. http://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-rail_report/RA2007-3-1en.pdf
  8. "'05 JR West crash victims, families still suffer effects." The Daily Yomiuri. 21 April 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  9. "West Japan Railway Chief Yamazaki Says He Will Resign." Bloomberg L.P..
  10. JR West president indicted over crash. The Japan Times 9 July 2009
  11. Kyodo News, "Court clears former JR chief in '05 derailment", The Japan Times, 12 January 2012, p. 1.
  12. "Brakeless", pbs.org, PBS.
  13. National Geographic
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