Airship hangar

Airship hangars are specialized buildings that are used for sheltering airships during construction, maintenance and storage. Rigid airships always needed to be based in airship hangars because weathering was a serious risk.

History

Early hangars
Hangar Y, Chalais-Meudon near Paris, France 2002

The first real airship hangar was built as Hangar “Y” at Chalais-Meudon near Paris in 1879 where the engineers Charles Renard and Arthur Constantin Krebs constructed their first airship “La France”. Hangar “Y” is one of the few remaining airship hangars in Europe.

The construction of the first operational rigid airship LZ1 by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin started in 1899 in a floating hangar on Lake Constance at Manzell today part of Friedrichshafen. The floating hangar turned into the direction of the wind on its own and so it was easier to move the airship into the hangar exactly against the wind.

For the same reason later rotating hangars were built at Biesdorf (today part of Berlin) and at the Nordholz Airbase, to the south of Cuxhaven in Germany. Already before the First World War there were transportable tent constructions as hangars for smaller airships. They were quite common in the US at fairgrounds or exhibitions. The American Melvin Vaniman constructed big tent hangars in France particularly for the French army.

The Zeppelin programme
Zeppelin Hangar, Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

With the construction of Zeppelin LZ1 the era of big rigid airships started in Germany and for this very big airship hangars were necessary. This development started at the Zeppelin plant in Friedrichshafen before the First World War, continued through the war with dozens of hangars for construction of big rigid airships and their operation all over Germany and the occupied territories. In the 1920s and 30s even bigger hangars for the new LZ 129 Hindenburg class airships were built at Friedrichshafen, Frankfurt and at Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport, Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the only Zeppelin airship hangar of all those built which still exists[1]

UK airship construction
Hangars of the former Royal Airship Works at Cardington Bedfordshire, England 2013

Also in the UK there was a rigid airship program during the First World War. This required the big construction sheds in Barrow-in-Furness, Inchinnan, Barlow and Cardington, and the rigid airship war stations at Longside, East Fortune, Howden, Pulham (Norfolk) and Kingsnorth.

The reconstructed Airship Hangar at Farnborough

Today, only the two hangars of the former Royal Airship Works, in Cardington, Bedfordshire remain, where the R101 was built. The No.1 Cardington hangar is original, but extended; the No.2 hangar was relocated to Cardington from Pulham in 1928.[2]

In 1924, the Imperial Airship Communications scheme planned to extend mail and passenger service to British India, so an 859-foot hangar was constructed at Karachi (now in Pakistan) in 1929. This was the intended destination of the R101.[3]

France

In France few big hangars had been built, because there was only one attempt to build a rigid airship. Nevertheless, at the end of the First World War an airship station for rigid airships was built in Cuers-Pierrefeu by adding the parts of smaller hangars to two big ones.

At Paris-Orly Airport two concrete hangars were built between 1923 and 1926. Planned by the engineer Eugene Freyssinet, the 300 metre-long buildings were an important innovation according to the construction and aesthetic of the design. None of the big French hangars exist anymore, while a few smaller ones still are there.

United States
A view of six helium-filled blimps being stored in one of the two hangars located at NAS Santa Ana, California
Hangar No. 2 at the former Marine Corps Air Station Tustin

In the United States the Navy began producing non-rigid airships during World War I. The Wingfoot Lake Hangar in Suffield, Ohio was constructed in 1917 by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company for the production of non-rigid airships and training. Hangar No 1 at Lakehurst Naval Airship Station was built in 1921 to house the Navy's future rigid airships. Additional hangars, which housed the USS Akron (ZRS-4) and USS Macon (ZRS-5), exist in Akron, Ohio (the Goodyear Airdock, 1929) and Sunnyvale, California (Hangar One, Moffett Federal Airfield, 1932). The ships were constructed in Akron. The Akron was based in Lakehurst while the Macon was based at Moffett Field. During World War II, seventeen large hangars were built to house US Navy blimps. Today, eight of these wooden hangars still exist: Moffett Field (2), Tustin, California (2), Tillamook, Oregon (1), Lakehurst, New Jersey (2), and Weeksville, North Carolina (1).

Post World War hangars
Exterior view of hangar at the former Brand-Briesen Airfield, built for Cargolifter

After the Second World War worldwide only one big airship shed had been built: The one in Brand south of Berlin for the construction of the Cargolifter AG airship. With a length of 360m, a width of 210m and a height of 107m it is one of the largest unsupported structures in the world. After the bankruptcy of Cargolifter AG it was converted into the leisure center “Tropical Islands”.

For the needs of the rather small blimps quite a number of mostly simple hangars exist around the world today.

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References

Notes
  1. Zeppelin Hangar
  2. Bowyer (1983): Pp 94-100.
  3. http://pakistaniat.com/2010/12/08/the-airship-hangar-in-pakistan

Bibliography
  • Bowyer, Michael J.F. (1983). Action Stations, Volume 6, Military airfields of the Cotswolds and the Central Midlands. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 0-85059-529-0.

Further reading
  • Manfred Bauer: Luftschiffhallen in Friedrichshafen. Friedrichshafen 1985
  • Kim Braun: Die Luftschiffhäfen Niedersachsens in Der Traum vom Fliegen. Oldenburg 2000
  • Hein Carsens: Schiffe am Himmel - Nordholz-Geschichte eines Luftschiffhafens. Bremerhaven 1997
  • Christopher Dean: Housing the Airship. London 1989
  • Roland Fuhrmann: Dresden’s gateway to the skies: the world’s first streamlined airship hangar and its influence on architectural history. Dresden 2019 (536 pp., 770 figs.)
  • Lassalle Maryse: Bases pour dirigeables. Aix-en-Provence, France 2005
  • John Provan: The German Airship Sheds. Kelkheim 1988
  • John Provan: Luftschiffhafen Rhein-Main. Kelkheim 1986
  • John Provan: Die französischen Luftschiffhallen. Kelkheim 1989
  • James R. Schock: American Airship Bases and Facilities Edgewater. Florida, USA 1996
  • Dr. Fritz Strahlmann: Zwei deutsche Luftschiffhäfen des Weltkrieges - Ahlhorn und Wildeshausen. Oldenburg 1926
  • Michael Wulf: Luftschiffhallen, Dissertation, Technische Universität Carola-Wilhelmina. Braunschweig 1997
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