Agame

Agame (Ge'ez: ዓጋመ, agamä; "fruitful") is a former province in northern Ethiopia and is now part of the Tigray Region. Agame is located at the northeastern corner of the Ethiopian Empire. It borders on the Eritrean province of Akele Guzai in the north, Tembien, Kalatta Awlalo and Enderta in the south, and both the Eritrean and Ethiopian Afar lowlands in the east. This relative location placed Agame at the strategic cross-roads between the Red Sea Cost and the interior of southern Eritrea, on the one hand, and the northern Tigrayan plateau on the other. In pre-1991, Agame had a total area of about 4,889 square kilometres (1,888 sq mi) with an estimated population of 344,800.[1]

Agame

ዓጋመ
Province
Agame
Coordinates: 13°57′N 39°13′E
Tigray ProvinceProvince
Government
 • TypeMonarchy
 • BodyHouse of Agame
Area
 • Total4,889 km2 (1,888 sq mi)
Dimensions
 • Length139.92 km (86.94 mi)
 • Width66.39 km (41.25 mi)
Population
 • Total344,800
Ethnicity
Languages

History

980 BC - 940 AD

Agame is one of the oldest regions of Ethiopia, being part of the Kingdom of D'mt in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea that would develop into the Kingdom of Aksum. It was a main center of Aksumite culture (second only to Western Tigray, where the capital was located), with a distinct sub-culture that separated the two regions from that of Western Tigray (Shire, Axum, Yeha), Central Eritrea (Seraye, Hamasien, Akele Guzai and Adulis), and frontier areas in northern Eritrea.[2][3] Agame is one of the very few place-names identified in the Adulis inscription as early as the 3rd century.[4][5] It is mentioned there as an apparently viable local political entity and it seems that it continued as such from then onwards. The area also appears to have been part of the eastern cultural province of ancient Aksum: to this period dates back the foundation of the monastery of Debre Damo, which played a major role in Ethiopia's ecclesiastic history throughout the Middle Ages up to the modern times.[1]

A portrait of Dejazmatch Sabagadis Woldu worshipping St. Mary, on the wall iconography at Gunda Gunde Church.

11th Century-18th Century

The chiefs of Agame would assume the title of Shum Agame in medieval times and throughout history. Even though in the 16th century the Shum Agame submitted to Ahmad Ibrahim al-Gazi's army, the physical inaccessibility of lowland Agame suited the purpose of providing safe hideouts to various political, religious and social dissidents. It remained the centre of prominent monasteries such as Gunda Gunde Maryam, which was established by the Stephanites during the 15th century. Agame was mentioned in the 16th century charter written during the reign of Emperor Lebna Dengel.[6] During medieval times, Agame was part of a larger province of Bur in Ethiopia, which also included some northeastern Afar lowlands, and the Buri Peninsula; Agame and Akkele Guzay were part of "Upper" (La'ilay) Bur, while the lowlands were further distinguished as "Lower" (Tahtay).[7]

19th Century

Agame had a major role to play in the political ascendancy of Tigray in Christian Ethiopia during the greater part of the first quarter of the 19th century. One of the prominent warlords of northern Ethiopia, Dejazmatch Sabagadis Woldu, who ruled Tigray in the period 1822-31, had his power base in Agame. His demise at the Battle of Debre Abbay marked a decline in the political importance of Agame in the Tigrayan political arena.[1]

20th Century

In the period 1896-1936, Agame was led by the descendants of Sabagadis. Dejazmatch Kassa Sebhat was the chief of the area during the Italian war 1935-36. He mobilized the people of Agame and engaged the Italians at the battle of Fagena, in the Afar escarpment east of Addigrat. But he was defeated and ultimately surrendered. During 1941-74 Agame existed as an awraja (in the province of Tigray), having five districts (woreda) under it: Gulo Mekeda, Ganta Afshum, Subja Sase, Dallol and Kalatte Balaza. Descendants of the Sabagadis family still governed Agame until the revolution.[1]

Geography

Agame covered an area that corresponds more or less to the current woredas Ganta Afeshum, Gulomahda, Irob, Hawzen, Sa'isi Tsa'ida Imba; eastbound Agame extended widely into the Danakil lowlands, currently part of the Afar region. Sandstone (Adigrat Sandstone and Enticho Sandstone) are dominant lithologies; hence many soils are sandy. The geomorphology comprises mountain massifs, plains, plateau, deep gorges and river valleys. Archaeological evidence indicates that Agame was one of the earliest places in Ethiopia to adopt ploughshare agriculture, but centuries of over-cultivation and maximum utilization of resource turned the steeper slopes into agriculturally marginal land.[1]

See also: Soil in Sa'isi Tsa'ida Imba

Demographics
Abuna Aregawi House at Debre Damo Monastery.

The principal inhabitants of Agame are Afar, Saho and Tigrinya-speakers. The Tigrinya-speaking population predominated in the high-lands. The north-eastern and south-eastern sector of the escarpment is principally inhabited by the Saho-speaking Irob and Afar-speakers respectively. Adigrat prevailed as the capital of Agame throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Since the 19th century, Agame has been an enduring base for Lazarist Catholic evangelization in northern Ethiopia. The legacies of this process are the Catholic Cathedral and the Seminary of Adigrat and the considerable Catholic congregation of Irobland in the lowlands.

Government

The local noble family had ruled over Agame from the "Era of Princes" until the Derg deposed Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974. This family retained sufficient power and respect following the Italian conquest in 1936, that the Italian Viceroy Pietro Badoglio proposed in a telegram to Benito Mussolini that some of the old Ethiopian ruling class be co-opted into Italian East Africa: "In the region between Shoa and Eritrea, there were local noble families which it was not convenient to slight because they had exercised command for generations and have authority and prestige which can be valuable for us."[8]

House of Agame

Ethiopian records traces the origins of this family to the marriage of King Margedir of Rome and Eleni, sister of King Solomon. The current lineage of the rulers of Agame is as follows:

Shum Agame Kumalit
Shum Agame Woldu Kumalit
r.1802-1815		Woizero Sabana Giyorgis
m.1802
Woizero Desta
m.1817		Dejazmatch Sabagadis Woldu
1770-1831
r.1818-1831		Fitawrari Gabru GuraShum Agame AgusShum Agame SardieShum Agame Gabre MedhinShum Agame Wolde Tiatos
Dejazmatch Kassa SabagadisDejazmatch Wolde MikaelDejazmatch Hagos SabagadisDejazmatch Aregawi Sabagadis
r.1831-1859		Lij Balgada ArayaLij Hailu
Dejazmatch Desta AragawiDejazmatch Wolde Gabriel AragawiLij Asgadem AragawiDejazmatch Abbaya AragawiRas Sebhat Aregawi
r.1892-1914		Woizero Shoanesh
m.1892
Dejazmatch Asgedom SebhatWoizero Gereda SebhatWoizero Lemlem SebhatWoizero Hareya SebhatWoizero Semret SebhatShum Agame Desta Sebhat
-1914		Woizero Zenebech SebhatRas Kassa Sebhat
r.1914-1974		Dejazmatch Ayele SebhatLij Gebrezgi Sebhat
-1935

Traditional food and drinks

Typical traditional food and drinks of Agame are

  • tehlo, a dough made from roasted and grided barley, typically rolled in small balls by a beautiful woman in front of the guests, dipped in spicy sauce and eaten with wooden forks
  • the honey wine myes, called chianti when strong
  • siwa beer

A traditional praising song in Tigrinya contains the wording Agame, addi tehlo, addi ma’ar (Agame land of tehlo and honey), Agame addi Saba (Agame land of Queen Sheba), ...

gollark: It's only several million lines of incredibly complex code.
gollark: You could alwaysWRITE YOUR OWN BROWSER ENGINE!
gollark: Probably not!
gollark: For something really different, `lynx` or `elinks`.
gollark: But it doesn't have the problems you appear to be complaininizing about.

References
  1. "Agamä". Encyclopedia Aethiopica. 1. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2003. p. 137.
  2. Stuart Munro-Hay, Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh: University Press, 1991. Online version (pdf), pp. 36-37.
  3. Rodolfo Fattovich, "Some Data for the study of Cultural History in Ancient Northern Ethiopia", Nyame Akuma, Newsletter of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, May 1977, pp. 6-18.
  4. L. P. Kirwan, "The Christian Topography and the Kingdom of Axum", Geographical Journal, 1972, pp. 172-3
  5. Munro-Hay, Aksum, pp. 186-7.
  6. G.W.B. Huntingford, The historical geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704, (Oxford University Press: 1989), p. 99
  7. "Bur" in Uhlig, Siegbert, ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz KG, 2003.
  8. Richard P.K. Pankhurst, "The Secret History of the Italian Fascist Occupation of Ethiopia, 1935-1941, 2"
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