Adaptation and Natural Selection

Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought is a 1966 book by the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams. Williams, in what is now considered a classic by evolutionary biologists,[1] outlines a gene-centered view of evolution,[2] disputes notions of evolutionary progress, and criticizes contemporary models of group selection, including the theories of Alfred Emerson, A. H. Sturtevant, and to a smaller extent, the work of V. C. Wynne-Edwards. The book takes its title from a lecture by George Gaylord Simpson in January 1947 at the Princeton University. Aspects of the book were popularised by Richard Dawkins in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene.

Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought

Cover of the first edition
Author	George C. Williams
Country	United States
Language	English
Subject	Evolution
Publisher	Princeton University Press
Publication date	1966
Media type	Print
Pages	307
ISBN	0-691-02615-7
OCLC	35230452
Followed by	Group Selection (1971)

The aim of the book is to "clarify certain issues in the study of adaptation and the underlying evolutionary processes."[3] Though more technical than a popular science book, its target audience is not specialists but biologists in general and the more advanced students of the topic. It was mostly written in the summer of 1963 when Williams utilized the University of California, Berkeley's library.[3]

Contents

Williams argues that adaptation is "a special and onerous concept that should not be used unnecessarily".[4][5] He writes that something should not be assigned a function unless it is uncontroversially the result of design[6] rather than chance. For instance he considers mutations to be errors only, not a process that has persisted to provide variation and evolutionary potential. If something is considered (after critical appraisal) to be an adaptation, then we should assume the unit of selection in the process was as simple as possible, provided it is compatible with the evidence. For example, selection between individuals should be preferred to group selection as an explanation if both seem plausible. Williams writes that the only way adaptations can come into existence or persist is by natural selection.

Dealing with the idea of evolutionary progress, Williams argues that for natural selection to work, there have to be "certain quantitative relationships among sampling errors, selection coefficients, and rates of random change."[5] It is put forward that Mendelian selection of alleles (alternative versions of a gene) is the only kind of selection imaginable that satisfies these requirements. Elaborating on the nature of selection, he writes that it only works on the basis of whether alleles are better or worse than others in the population, in terms of their immediate fitness effects. Survival of the population is beside the point, e.g. populations don't take any measures to avoid impending extinction. Finally he evaluates various ideas about progress in evolution, denying that selection will bring about the kind of progress that some have suggested. The author concludes that his view on the topic is similar to that of most of his colleagues, but worries that it is misrepresented to the public "when biologists become self-consciously philosophical".[7]

See also

• Ecology
• Genetic anthropomorphism
• Morphogenesis
• Reproduction
• Scientific method
• Social animal

References

1. Pinker, S. (1994). The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 1994, ch.9, p.294: "In a book on evolutionary theory often considered to be one of the most important since Darwin's, the biologist George Williams speculates..."
2. Williams, George C. (1966). 28 September 1996. Princeton University Press. p. 307. ISBN 0-691-02615-7.
3. Adaptation and Natural Selection, preface
4. This synopsis is based mainly on the chapter summaries provided in the book's contents, pp. vii-x.
5. Adaptation and Natural Selection, p. vii
6. i.e. natural selection; Williams supports the use of teleological language in biology, at least when referring to adaptations.
7. Adaptation and Natural Selection, p. 55.

External links

• Adaptation and Natural Selection, Princeton University Press