Adélaïde Labille-Guiard

Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (11 April 1749 – 24 April 1803), also known as Adélaïde Labille-Guiard des Vertus, was a French miniaturist and portrait painter. She was an advocate for women to receive the same opportunities as men to become great painters. Labille-Guiard was one of the first women to become a member of the Royal Academy and was the first female artist to receive permission to set up a studio for her students at the Louvre.[1][2]

Adélaïde Labille-Guiard
Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, 1785, the two pupils are Marie Capet and Marie-Marguerite Carreaux de Rosemond
Born
Adélaïde Labille

(1749-04-11)11 April 1749
Paris, France
Died24 April 1803(1803-04-24) (aged 54)
Paris, France
NationalityFrench
Known forMiniatures, painting, pastels
MovementRococo to Neoclassicism

Studies
Self-portrait, miniature

Labille-Guiard became a master at miniatures, pastels, and oil paintings. Little is known about her training due to the practices of the 18th century which dictated masters (who were predominately male) should not take on female pupils. During this time, females were perceived as incapable to follow instruction alongside men. During adolescence, Labille-Guiard studied miniature painting with oil painter François-Élie Vincent and her early work was exhibited at the Académie de Saint-Luc. She apprenticed with the pastel master Quentin de la Tour until 1774.

Accomplishments
Adélaïde Labille-Guiard – The Sculptor Augustin Pajou
Portrait of Louise-Elisabeth of France with her son by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard

Exhibitions at the Académie de Saint-Luc. Labille-Guiard was admitted to the Académie de Saint-Luc in 1767 when she was twenty years old. Her admission piece has since disappeared and sadly no records of its existence survive today. The Académie de Saint-Luc provided Labille-Guiard with a space to practice art professionally. In 1774, she exhibited her work at its Salon. This show was so successful that the Royal Academy took offence, and with the backing of the monarchy, issued an edict in March 1776 abolishing “guilds, brotherhoods, and communities of arts and crafts”, forcing the Academie de Saint-Luc to close its doors in 1777. However, this did not stop Labille-Guiard's ambitions as an artist.

Becoming a member of the Royal Academy. Once the Académie de Saint-Luc closed its doors, Labille-Guiard began to learn oil painting so she could apply to the Royal Academy which required her to present at least one oil painting for admission. Labille-Guiard chose to display some of her work at the Salon de la Correspondance in 1779. This included her self-portrait in pastel and oil portraits which were well received by critics. Labille-Guiard's talent as an oil painter and pastellist was quickly noticed and she received national recognition ultimately leading to her acceptance into the Royal Academy. On May 31, 1783, Labille-Guiard was accepted as a member of the French Academie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture. Three other women were admitted as members on the same day. Becoming accepted into the Royal Academy opened doors for Labille-Guiard as she gained patronage from the royal family.

Painter for the Royal Family. Through pure artistic ability and talent, Labille-Guiard became a painter for the Royal family. Her royal patrons included the aunt of Louis XVI of France, Princess Marie Adélaïde and her sister Victoria Louise, and the King's sister Elizabeth and earned her a government pension of 1,000 livres. The portrait of Adélaïde completed in 1787 was one of Labille-Guiard's largest and most ambitious work to that date. She was later commissioned in 1788 by the King's brother, the Count of Provence (later Louis XVIII of France). She was instructed to paint him at the centre of a large historical work, Réception d'un chevalier de Saint-Lazare par Monsieur, Grand maître de l'ordre. In 1795 she obtained artist's lodging at the Louvre and a new pension of 2,000 livres. She was the first woman artist to be permitted to set up a studio for herself and her students at the Louvre.[3]

  • Paris society portraits by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard
  • Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene de Bourbon
  • Elisabeth de France
  • Helena Massalska
  • Madame Alexis
  • Adrienne Lafayette
Portrait of a woman by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, 1787

Style and context

Labille-Guiard often did not fit comfortably within the boundaries of feminine virtue in the 18th century.[1] In order to appeal to a wide variety of viewers including upper-class men and women, she often incorporated recent fashions into her paintings which allowed her to showcase her artistic ability. She was good at rendering details, such as showing luxurious folds and layers of complex skirts that were in fashion at the time. However, often she painted with a twist such as having women face directly at the viewer or with a low neckline, which was an uncommon practice in the 18th century when portraying women.

Further evidence of Labille-Guiard's boldness can be seen in her self-portraits which leave her exposed slightly more than usual, but not enough to evoke allegations of promiscuous behaviour. This is seen in her painting Self-Portrait with Two Pupils. Unlike some other paintings of female artists in the 18th century, Labille-Guiard chose to depict herself actively working rather than passive and at rest. Labille-Guiard also pushed against other restrictions, such as those that limited the number of females that could attend the Royal Academy. By depicting two female students in Self-Portrait with Two Pupils, Labille-Guiard suggests more women should be allowed in to the Royal Academy. In this sense, Labille-Guiard was daring but not too daring as to sabotage her reputation and lose the respect she worked hard to gain within the art world.

Advocate for young female artists

Labille-Guiard had an impact on her young female artists. In a letter written by a mother whose daughter studied painting with a female academic, (who, based on the description seems to be Labille-Guiard) she explained that the teacher insisted on maintaining the highest standards of modesty in her studio.[4] Her commitment for female students was evident throughout her membership at the Royal Academy. At a meeting held on September 23, 1790, Labille-Guiard proposed that women be admitted in unlimited numbers and be permitted to serve on the institution's governing board. Both motions were approved.[1]

Princess Madame Adélaïde, the patron of Labille-Guiard – Marie-Adélaïde de France, (c. 1786–1787)

Labille-Guiard in the face of Revolution
Atelier of Madame Vincent, 1808. Painting of Adélaïde Labille-Guiard painted in 1808 by her pupil Marie Capet.

Instead of fleeing during the French Revolution of 1789, Labille-Guiard stayed in France. However, the royal connections she made throughout her career made her a political suspect. In 1793 she was ordered to destroy some of her royalist works, including the unfinished commission for the Count of Provence. The exile of the Comte of Provence meant Labille-Guiard had not only lost her last royal patron, but she also did not receive a cent of the agreed-upon 30,000 livres.[5] The Revolution further hurt her career when the royal sister emigrated in February 1791 without paying for several portraits they had commissioned Labille-Guiard to paint. The pastel portraits of Marie Adélaïde, Victoire-Louise, and Élisabeth stayed in Labille-Guiard's possession until she died from an illness on April 24, 1803.[5]

Family

Born in Paris, Labille-Guiard was the youngest of eight children. Her father, Claude-Edme Labille, was a small business owner. Her older sister Felicite married Jean Antoine Gros. In 1769 she married Nicolas Guiard from whom she separated and ended up divorcing. In 1799 she remarried the painter François-André Vincent.

Legacy

Among the public collections holding works by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard are the Getty Museum, the Phoenix Art Museum, Harvard University Art Museums, the Honolulu Museum of Art, Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Texas), the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Louvre, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.), the National Museum in Warsaw, the National Museum of Women in the Arts (Washington, D.C.), the Speed Art Museum (Kentucky) and Versailles.

Labille-Guiard is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented in one of the 999 tiles of the Heritage Floor.[6][7]

Notes
  1. Auricchio, Laura (2009). Adélaïde Labille-Guiard : artist in the age of revolution. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-0892369546.
  2. Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, 14e. Cengage Learning.
  3. Christiane, Weidemann (2008). 50 women artists you should know. Larass, Petra., Klier, Melanie, 1970-. Munich: Prestel. ISBN 9783791339566. OCLC 195744889.
  4. name="Auricchio 2009"
  5. DE JESÚS, MARY SPRINSON (2008). "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard's Pastel Studies of the Mesdames de France". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 43: 157–172. JSTOR 25699092.
  6. "Adelaide Labille-Guiard". Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Adélaïde Labille-Guiard. Brooklyn Museum. 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  7. Chicago, 157–158.

Bibliography
  • Anne-Marie Passez, Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Paris, 1973.
  • Baetjer, Katharine. "Adélaïde Labille-Guiard (1749–1803)." In « Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History ». New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (June 2016)
  • Chicago, Judy. The Dinner Party: From Creation to Preservation. London: Merrell (2007). ISBN 1-85894-370-1
  • Roger Portalis, « Adélaïde Labille-Guiard », Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Lausanne, 1901, p. 352–367.
  • Roger Portalis, Adélaïde Labille-Guiard, Paris, 1902.
  • Women and Art, p. 45–48, Portrait of Madame Adélaïde.
  • Jean Cailleux, « Portrait of Madame Adélaïde of France, Daughter of Louis XV », Burlington Magazine (vol.3, March 1969), supp.i-vi.
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