Hydrophis peronii

Hydrophis peronii, commonly known as the horned sea snake, Peron's sea snake, and the spiny-headed seasnake,[1] is a species of venomous snake in the subfamily Hydrophiinae of the family Elapidae. The species is endemic to the western tropical Pacific Ocean.[4] It is the only sea snake with spines on the head. Like all other members of the family Elapidae, it is venomous.[3] It is sometimes placed in its own genus Acalyptophis.

Hydrophis peronii
By Ferdinando Sordelli in Jan & Sordelli, 1860

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Subfamily: Hydrophiinae
Genus: Hydrophis
Species:
H. peronii
Binomial name
Hydrophis peronii
Synonyms
  • Acalyptus Peronii
    A.M.C. Duméril, 1853
  • Acalyptus superciliosus vel Peroni
    A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron, & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
  • Acalyptus superciliosus
    — Fischer, 1856
  • Acalyptophis peronii
    — Boulenger, 1896
  • Pseudodisteira horrida
    Kinghorn, 1926
  • Hydrophis peronii
    — Sanders et al., 2012[3]

Etymology

The specific name, peronii, is in honor of François Péron, a French naturalist and explorer.[5]

Description

The spiny-headed seasnake is a medium-size snake, with the diameter of the neck only one third to two fifths the diameter of the thickest part of the body.[4] The head is small and the tail flattened laterally. The supraoculars are raised, and their free borders are pointed.[4] This species reaches a snout-vent length (SVL) of up to 1.23 m (4.0 ft).[6] Dorsally, it is grayish, pale olive, or tan, with dark crossbands, which are narrower than the spaces between them and taper to a point on the sides of the belly. Ventrally, it is uniform whitish or with a series of dark crossbars alternating with spots.[4]

Geographic range

H. peronii is found in the Gulf of Siam, Thailand,[7] Vietnam, the South China Sea, the coast of Guangdong and Strait of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Coral Sea Islands, Papua New Guinea,[8] and Australia, (North Territory, Queensland, West Australia, & possibly New South Wales).[6]

Habitat

The preferred habitats of H. peronii are seas with sandy beds and coral reefs.

Diet

The diet of H. peronii includes small fish.[6]

Reproduction

H. peronii is a viviparous species that produces up to 10 live young per female.[6]

gollark: Yes, and overuse of channels bad as they are just not very good a lot of the time.
gollark: Ugh, Go code is just so awful to work on, especially this.
gollark: I think I can make this work sensibly if it just used *callbacks*, as it *obviously should have*, but that would require me to know how to do those in Go.
gollark: This is highly golangous channel abuse.
gollark: * ALL

References
  1. Lukoschek V, Rasmussen A, Sanders K, Lobo A, Courtney T (2010). "Acalyptophis peronii ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T176756A7298218. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176756A7298218.en.
  2. "Acalyptophis peronii". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  3. Hydrophis peronii at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
  4. Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Acalyptophis peronii, pp. 269-270).
  5. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Acalyptophis peronii, p. 203).
  6. "Acalyptophis peronii — Horned Seasnake". Species Profile and Threats Database. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Canberrra. Retrieved 4 August 2012.
  7. Cox MJ (1991). The Snakes of Thailand and their Husbandry. Malabar, Florida: Krieger. 564 pp. ISBN 978-0894644375.
  8. Brongersma LD (1956). "Notes on New Guinean reptiles and amphibians V ". Proceedings Nederlandse Akademe Wetenschappen 59C: 599-610.

Further reading
  • Bauer AM, Sadlier RA (Editors) (2000). The herpetofauna of New Caledonia. Contributions to Herpetology, 17. Ithaca, New York: Society for Study Amphibians and Reptiles.
  • Bauer AM, Vindum JV (1990). "A checklist and key to the herpetofauna of New Caledonia, with remarks on biogeography". Proc. California Acad. Sci. 47 (2): 17-45.
  • Cogger HG (2000). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Sixth Edition. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Publishing. 808 pp. ISBN 978-1876334338.
  • Cox, Merel J.; Van Dijk, Peter Paul; Nabhitabhata, Jaruji; Thirakhupt, Kumthorn (1998). A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Publishing. 144 pp. ISBN 978-1853684388.
  • Duméril A-M-C, Bibron G, Duméril A[-H-A] (1854). Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième [Volume 7]. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. xii + pp. 781–1536. ("Acalyptus superciliosus vel Peroni ", p. 1340). (in French).
  • Duméril [AMC] (1853). "Prodrome de la classification des reptiles ophidiens". Mém. Acad. Sci., Paris 23: 399-536. ("Acalyptus Peronii ", new species, p. 522). (in French).
  • Fischer JG (1856). "Die Familie der Seeschlangen". Abhandl. Nat. Ver. Hamburg 3: 1-78. (in German).
  • Murphy JC, Cox MJ, Voris HK (1999). "A key to the sea snakes in the gulf of Thailand". Nat. Hist. Bull. Siam Soc. 47: 95-108.
  • Smith MA (1926). Monograph of the sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae). London: British Museum (Natural History). 130 pp.
  • Storr GM, Smith LA, Johnstone RE (2002). Snakes of Western Australia. Perth, Western Australia: Western Australian Museum. p. 309.
  • Taylor EH (1965). "The serpents of Thailand and adjacent waters". Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 45 (9): 609-1096.
  • Zhao E, Adler K (1993). Herpetology of China. Oxford, Ohio: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles (SSAR). 522 pp.


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