ASEAN Free Trade Area

The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)[1] is a trade bloc agreement by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations supporting local trade and manufacturing in all ASEAN countries, and facilitating economic integration with regional and international allies.[2][3][4] It stands as one of the largest and most important free trade areas (FTA) in the world, and together with its network of dialogue partners, drove some of the world's largest multilateral forums and blocs, including Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, East Asia Summit and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore. When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Myanmar in 1997 and Cambodia in 1999. AFTA now comprises the ten countries of ASEAN. All the four latecomers were required to sign the AFTA agreement to join ASEAN, but were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.

The primary goals of AFTA seek to:

  • Increase ASEAN's competitive edge as a production base in the world market through the elimination, within ASEAN, of tariffs and non-tariff barriers; and
  • Attract more foreign direct investment to ASEAN.

The primary mechanism for achieving such goals is the Common Effective Preferential Tariff scheme, which established a phased schedule in 1992 with the goal to increase the region’s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market.

History

The Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme

Unlike the EU, AFTA does not apply a common external tariff on imported goods. Each ASEAN member may impose tariffs on goods entering from outside ASEAN based on its national schedules. However, for goods originating within ASEAN, ASEAN members are to apply a tariff rate of 0-5 %(the more recent members of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, also known as CMLV countries, were given additional time to implement the reduced tariff rates). This is known as the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme.

ASEAN members have the option of excluding products from the CEPT in three cases: 1.) Temporary exclusions 2.) Sensitive agricultural products 3.) General exceptions. Temporary exclusions refer to products for which tariffs will ultimately be lowered to 0-5 %, but which are being protected temporarily by a delay in tariff reductions.

For sensitive agricultural products include commodities such as rice, ASEAN members have until 2010 to reduce the tariff levels to 0-5 %.

General exceptions refer to products which an ASEAN member deems necessary for the protection of national security, public morals, the protection of human, animal or plant life and health, and protection of articles of artistic, historic, or archaeological value. ASEAN members have agreed to enact zero tariff rates on virtually all imports by 2010 for the original signatories, and 2015 for the CMLV countries.

Rule of origin

The CEPT only applies to goods originating within ASEAN. The general rule is that local ASEAN content must be at least 40% of the FOB value of the good. The local ASEAN content can be cumulative, that is, the value of inputs from various ASEAN members can be combined to meet the 40% requirement. The following formula is applied:

( Raw material cost
+ Direct labour cost
+ Direct overhead cost
+ Profit
+ Inland transport cost )
x 100 % FOB value

However, for certain products, special rules apply:

  • Change in Chapter Rule for Wheat Flour;
  • Change of Tariff Sub-Heading for Wood-Based Products;
  • Change in Tariff Classification for Certain Aluminum and Articles thereof.

The exporter must obtain a “Form D” certification from its national government attesting that the good has met the 40% requirement. The Form D must be presented to the customs authority of the importing government to qualify for the CEPT rate. Difficulties have sometimes arisen regarding the evidentiary proof to support the claim, as well as how ASEAN national customs authorities can verify Form D submissions. These difficulties arise because each ASEAN national customs authority interprets and implements the Form D requirements without much co-ordination.

Administration

Administration of AFTA is handled by the national customs and trade authorities in each ASEAN member. The ASEAN Secretariat has authority to monitor and ensure compliance with AFTA measures, but has no legal authority to enforce compliance. This has led to inconsistent rulings by ASEAN national authorities. The ASEAN Charter is intended to bolster the ASEAN Secretariat's ability to ensure consistent application of AFTA measures.

ASEAN national authorities have also been traditionally reluctant to share or cede sovereignty to authorities from other ASEAN members (although ASEAN trade ministries routinely make cross-border visits to conduct on-site inspections in anti-dumping investigations). Unlike the EU or NAFTA, joint teams to ensure compliance and investigate non-compliance have not been widely used. Instead, ASEAN national authorities must rely on the review and analysis of other ASEAN national authorities to determine if AFTA measures such as rule of origin are being followed. Disagreements may result between the national authorities. Again, the ASEAN Secretariat may help mediate a dispute but has no legal authority to resolve it.

ASEAN has attempted to improve customs co-ordination through the implementation of the ASEAN Single window project. The ASEAN Single Window would allow importers to submit all information related to the transaction to be entered electronically once. This information would then be shared with all other ASEAN national customs authorities.

Dispute resolution

Although these ASEAN national customs and trade authorities co-ordinate among themselves, disputes can arise. The ASEAN Secretariat has no legal authority to resolve such disputes, so disputes are resolved bilaterally through informal means or through dispute resolution.

An ASEAN Protocol on Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism governs formal dispute resolution in AFTA and other aspects of ASEAN. ASEAN members may seek mediation and good offices consultations. If these efforts are ineffective, they may ask SEOM (Senior Economic Officials Meetings) to establish panel of independent arbitrators to review the dispute. Panel decisions can be appealed to an appellate body formed by the ASEAN Economic Community Council.

The Protocol has almost never been invoked because of the role of SEOM in the dispute resolution process. SEOM decisions require consensus among all ASEAN members, and since both the aggrieved party and the alleged transgressor are both participating in SEOM, such consensus cannot be achieved. This discourages ASEAN members from invoking the Protocol, and often they seek dispute resolution in other fora such as the WTO or even the International Court of Justice. This can also be frustrating for companies affected by an AFTA dispute, as they have no rights to invoke dispute resolution yet their home ASEAN government may not be willing to invoke the Protocol. The ASEAN Secretary General has listed dispute resolution as requiring necessary reform for proper administration of AFTA and the AEC.

Further trade facilitation efforts

Efforts to close the development gap and expand trade among members of ASEAN are key points of policy discussion. According to a 2008 research brief published by the World Bank as part of its Trade Costs and Facilitation Project,[11] ASEAN members have the potential to reap significant benefits from investments in further trade facilitation reform, due to the comprehensive tariff reform already realised through the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement.

This new analysis suggests examining two key areas, among others: port facilities and competitiveness in the Internet services sector. Reform in these areas, the report states, could expand ASEAN trade by up to 7.5% ($22 billion) and 5.7% ($17 billion), respectively. By contrast, cutting applied tariffs in all ASEAN members to the regional average in Southeast Asia would increase intra-regional trade by about 2% ($6.3 billion).[12]

Membership

Countries that agree to eliminate tariffs among themselves:

Regular Observers

The most recent ASEAN meeting was observed also by:

ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand Free Trade Area

An International treaty titled: Agreement Establishing the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA) signed in Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand on 27 February 2009 created a free trade area between ASEAN nations, Australia and New Zealand.[13]

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References
  1. "AFTA & FTAs". ASEAN Secretariat. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012.
  2. "The ASEAN Free Trade Area: Reaching Its Target – Opening Remarks of H.E. Rodolfo C. Severino , Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, at the AFTA 2002 Sympossium". 31 January 2002. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  3. "ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA Council)". ASEAN | One Vision One Identity One Community.
  4. "ASEAN leaders agree to create an ASEAN Free Trade Area - Singapore History". eresources.nlb.gov.sg.
  5. "India at the East Asia Summit". mea.gov.in. August 2018.
  6. "Trade agreements are in ASEAN's best interests". East Asia Forum. 6 February 2016.
  7. "ASEAN's role in Asia Pacific: In the driver's seat or just a back-seat driver?". ink.library.smu.edu.sg.
  8. "History". www.apec.org.
  9. Elec, Andrew. "Back to Canberra: Founding APEC". Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  10. "Understanding ASEAN free trade agreements".
  11. World Bank Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  12. "Deeper Integration in ASEAN: Why Transport and Technology Matter for Trade," Archived 5 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine John S. Wilson & Benjamin Taylor; Trade Facilitation Reform Issue Brief, The World Bank. 2008.
  13. "Agreement Establishing the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (Cha-am, Phetchaburi, Thailand, 27 February 2009) - ATS 1 of 2010”. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 18 April 2017.
  14. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "ASEAN Australia New Zealand FTA (AANZFTA)". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  15. Pushpanathan, Sundram (22 December 2009). "ASEAN Charter: One year and going strong". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  16. "MOFA: Entry into Force of the Japan-ASEAN Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement". www.mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
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